Numen

For the academic journal, see Numen (journal).

"Numina" redirects here. For the musician, see Jesse Sola.

Not to be confused with Noumena.

Ancient Roman religion

Marcus Aurelius (head covered) sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter

Practices and beliefs Imperial cult  · festivals  · ludi mystery religions · funerals temples · auspice · sacrifice votum · libation · lectisternium

Priesthoods College of Pontiffs · Augur Vestal Virgins · Flamen · Fetial Epulones · Arval Brethren Quindecimviri sacris faciundis

Dii Consentes Jupiter · Juno · Neptune · Minerva Mars · Venus · Apollo · Diana Vulcan · Vesta · Mercury · Ceres

Other deities Janus · Quirinus · Saturn · Hercules · Faunus · Priapus Liber · Bona Dea · Ops Chthonic deities: Proserpina · Dis Pater · Orcus · Di Manes Domestic and local deities: Lares · Di Penates · Genius Hellenistic deities: Sol Invictus · Magna Mater · Isis · Mithras Deified emperors: Divus Julius  · Divus Augustus See also List of Roman deities

Related topics Roman mythology Glossary of ancient Roman religion Religion in ancient Greece Etruscan religion Gallo-Roman religion Decline of Hellenistic polytheism This box: view · talk · edit

Numen ("an influence perceptible by mind but not by senses", pl. numina) is a Latin term for a potential, guiding the course of events in a particular place or in the whole world, used in Roman philosophical and religious thought. The many names for Italic gods may obscure this sense of a numinous presence in all the seemingly mundane actions of the natural world.^[1]

The word was also used in the imperial cult of ancient Rome, to refer to the guardian-spirit,^{[citation needed]} 'godhead' or divine power of a living emperor—in other words, a means of worshiping a living emperor without literally calling him a god.

The word numen is also used by sociologists to refer to the idea of magical power residing in an object, particularly when writing about ideas in the western tradition. When used in this sense, numen is nearly synonymous with mana. However, some authors reserve use of mana for ideas about magic from Polynesia and southeast Asia.

Due to its use as a central term in Roman religion, Numen is the name of an academic journal on history of religions.

Similar cultural concepts

The concept of a life-energy inherent in all living beings seems to be a fairly universal archetype, and appears in numerous ancient religions and systems of metaphysics.

Analogies to numina in other societies:

• ashe in Yoruba mythology
• Kami in Japanese Shinto
• mana in Polynesian mythology
• maban in Australian Aboriginal mythology
• manetuwak in Lenape mythology
• shekhinah in Semitic mythology
• sila, inua in Inuit mythology
• teotl in Aztec mythology
• wod in Anglo-Saxon mythology

See also

• Animism
• Lares
• Penates
• Sacred (comparative religion)

References

1. ^ The animistic aspect of Roman religion is generally noted in all surveys, though as a phase characterising the earliest, most fundamental layers in a pseudo-evolutionary model of Italic religion it is criticised as "mostly a scholarly fiction" by Kevin McGeough, The Romans: new perspectives 2004:179 "Numinous Forces and Other scholarly Inventions"; "Scholars may have to content themselves with nodes of meanings for the Italic gods rather than hard-and-fast definitions", observes Charles Robert Phillips III, in "A Note on Vergil's Aeneid 5, 744", Hermes 104.2 (1976:247-249) p. 248, with recent bibliography; Gerhard Radke's classification of the forms and significances of these multifarious names in Die Götter Altitaliens (Münster, 1965) was criticized as "unwarranted precision" in the review by A. Drummond in The Classical Review, New Series, 21.2 (June 1971:239-241); the coupling and uncoupling of Latin and Italic cognomina of the gods, creating the appearance of a multitude of deities, were classically dissected in Jesse Benedictus Carter, De Deorum Romanorum Cognominibus: Quaestiones Selectae (Leipzig, 1898).

• Rudolf Otto, The Idea of the Holy.

External links

• Roman religion