- List of rulers of Tuscany
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The rulers of Tuscany have varied over time, sometimes being margraves, the rulers of handfuls of border counties and sometimes the heads of the most important family of the region.
Margraves of Tuscany, 812–1197
- House of Boniface
- These were originally counts of Lucca who extended their power over the neighbouring counties.
- Boniface I, 812-813
- Boniface II, 828-834
- Aganus, 835-845
- Adalbert I, 847-886
- Adalbert II the Rich, 886-915
- Guy, 915-929
- Lambert, 929-931
- House of Boso
- These were the (mostly illegitimate) relatives of Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, whom he appointed to their post after removing the dynasty of Boniface
- Boso, 931-936
- Humbert, 936-961
- Hugh the Great, 961-1001
Various
- Boniface (III), 1004-1011
- Rainier, 1014-1027
House of Canossa
- These were the descendants of the Counts of Canossa.
- Boniface III, 1027-1052
- Frederick, 1052-1055
- Matilda, 1052-1115
- Beatrice of Bar, 1052-1055 (regent as mother of Frederick and Mathilda)
- Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1053-1069 (regent as husband of Beatrice and step-father to Frederick and Matilda)
- Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1069-1076 (regent as husband of Matilda)
- Welf II, 1089-1095 (co-regent as husband of Matilda)
Various
- Conrad von Scheiern, 1120-1127
- Engelbert III of Sponheim, 1135-1137
- Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria, 1137-1139
- Ulrich of Attems, 1139-1152 (imperial vicar)
- Welf VI, 1152-1160
- Welf VII, 1160-1167
- Rainald of Dassel, Archbishop of Cologne, 1160-1163 (imperial vicar)
- Christian of Buch, Archbishop of Mainz 1163-1173 (imperial vicar)
- Welf VI, 1167-1173
- Philip, 1195-1197
After this, Tuscany was splintered between the competing republics of Florence, Pisa, Siena, Arezzo, Pistoia and Lucca. Since the 14th century, Florence gained dominance over Pistoia (1306, officially annexed 1530), Arezzo (1384), Pisa (1406), and Siena (1559). Lucca was an independent republic until the Napoleonic period in the 19th century.
Rulers of Florence, 1434-1569
De facto rulers of the House of Medici, 1434-1531
- Cosimo de' Medici 1434-1464
- Piero I de' Medici 1464-1469 ("The Gouty")
- Lorenzo I de' Medici 1469-1492 ("The Magnificent")
- Giuliano de' Medici 1469-1478
- Piero II de' Medici 1492-1494
- Republic restored 1494-1512
- Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici 1512-1513
- Lorenzo II de' Medici 1513-1519
- Cardinal Giulio de' Medici 1519-1523
- Ippolito de' Medici 1523-1527
- Alessandro de' Medici 1523-1527
- Republic restored 1527-1530
- Alessandro de' Medici 1530-1531
Medici Dukes of Florence, 1531-1569
# Name Started Ended Relationship with predecessor(s) 1 Alessandro 1 May 1532 6 Jan 1537 2 Cosimo I 20 Sep 1537 21 Aug 1569 fourth cousin of Alessandro Medici Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1569-1737
# Name Started Ended Relationship with predecessor(s) 1 Cosimo I 21 Aug 1569 21 Apr 1574 2 Francesco I 21 Apr 1574 19 Oct 1587 son of Cosimo I 3 Ferdinando I 19 Oct 1587 7 Feb 1609 brother of Francesco I
son of Cosimo I4 Cosimo II 7 Feb 1609 28 Feb 1621 son of Ferdinando I 5 Ferdinando II 28 Feb 1621 23 May 1670 son of Cosimo II 6 Cosimo III 23 May 1670 31 Oct 1723 son of Ferdinando II 7 Gian Gastone 31 Oct 1723 9 Jul 1737 son of Cosimo III Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1737-1801
# Name Started Ended Relationship with predecessor(s) 8 Francesco II Stefano 12 Jul 1737 18 Aug 1765 great-great-great-grandson of Francesco I 9 Pietro Leopoldo I 18 Aug 1765 22 Jul 1790 second son of Francesco II Stefano 10 Ferdinando III 22 Jul 1790 3 Aug 1801 second son of Pietro Leopoldo I Bourbon Kings of Etruria, 1801-1807
# Name Started Ended Relationship with predecessor(s) 1 Lodovico I 3 Aug 1801 27 May 1803 Grandson of Francisco II Stefano 2 Carlo Lodovico II 27 May 1803 10 Dec 1807 son of Lodovico I Tuscany was annexed by France, 1807-1814. Napoleon's sister Elisa Bonaparte was given the honorary title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany, but did not actually rule over the region.
Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1814-1860
# Name Started Ended Relationship with predecessor(s) 10 Ferdinando III 27 Apr 1814 18 Jun 1824 (restored) 11 Leopoldo II 18 Jun 1824 21 Jul 1859 son of Ferdinando III 12 Ferdinando IV 21 Jul 1859 22 Mar 1860 son of Leopoldo II Leopoldo II was driven from Tuscany by revolution from 21 February to 12 April 1849, and again on 27 April 1859. He abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinando IV, on 21 July 1859, but Ferdinando IV was never recognized in Tuscany, and was deposed by the provisional government on 16 August. Tuscany was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia, on 22 March 1860.
Titular Habsburg-Lorraine claimants, 1860-present
- Ferdinand IV 1860-1908
- Joseph Ferdinand 1908-1921
- Peter Ferdinand 1921-1948
- Gottfried 1948-1984
- Leopold Franz 1984-1993
- Sigismund 1993-Present
See also
- List of Tuscan consorts
- Grand Duchy of Tuscany
- History of Tuscany
- Line of succession to the Tuscan throne
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Categories:- Rulers of Florence
- Dukes of Florence
- Grand Dukes of Tuscany
- Margraves of Tuscany
- History of Austria
- Lists of rulers
- Tuscany
- Grand Duchy of Tuscany
- House of Medici
- History of Tuscany
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