Chester Castle

For the civil parish named Chester Castle, see Chester Castle (civil parish).

Chester Castle
Chester Castle
Location within Cheshire
General information
Architectural style	Norman, Neoclassical
Town or city	Chester, Cheshire
Country	England
Coordinates	53°11′07″N 2°53′32″W / 53.1853°N 2.8923°W / 53.1853; -2.8923
Construction started	1070
Completed	1822
Design and construction
Architect	Thomas Harrison

Chester Castle is in the city of Chester, Cheshire, England. It is sited at the southwest extremity of the area bounded by the city walls (grid reference SJ404657). The castle stands on an eminence overlooking the River Dee. In the castle complex are the remaining parts of the medieval castle together with the neoclassical buildings designed by Thomas Harrison which were built between 1788 and 1813. Parts of the neoclassical buildings are used today as Crown Courts and as a military museum. The museum and the medieval remains are a tourist attraction.

History

The castle was built in 1070 by Hugh Lupus, the first Earl of Chester.^[1] It is possible that it was built on the site of an earlier Saxon fortification but this has not been confirmed.^[2] The original structure would have been a motte-and-bailey castle with a wooden tower. In the 12th century the wooden tower was replaced by a square stone tower, the Flag Tower. During the same century the stone gateway to the inner bailey was built. This is now known as the Agricola Tower and on its first floor is the chapel of St Mary de Castro.^[1] The chapel contains items of Norman architecture.^[3] In the 13th century, during the reign of Henry III, the walls of an outer bailey were built, the gateway in the Agricola Tower was blocked up and residential accommodation, including a Great Hall, was built along the south wall of the inner bailey. Later in the century, during the reign of Edward I, a new gateway to the outer bailey was built. This was flanked by two half-drum towers and had a drawbridge over a moat 8 metres (26 ft) deep. Further additions to the castle at this time included individual chambers for the King and Queen, a new chapel and stables.^[1][2] Prominent people held as prisoners in the crypt of the Agricola Tower were Richard II and Eleanor Cobham, wife of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and Andrew de Moray, hero of the Battle of Stirling Bridge.^[4] Outside the outer bailey gate was an area known as the Gloverstone where criminals waiting for execution were handed over to the city authorities. The Great Hall was rebuilt in the late 1570s.^[1]

During the Civil War Chester was held by the Royalists.^[1] The castle was assaulted by Parliamentary forces in July 1643, and in January and April 1645.^[5] Together with the rest of the city, it was besieged between September 1645 and February 1646.^[1] Following the civil war the castle was used as a prison, a court and a tax office.^[2] In 1687 James II attended Mass in the chapel of St Mary de Castro.^[4] In 1696 Chester mint was established and was managed by Edmund Halley in a building adjacent to the Half Moon tower.^[2] During the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion a gun emplacement was built on the wall overlooking the river.^[1]

Engraving by Buck Brothers of Chester Castle in 1747

By the later part of the 18th century much of the fabric of the castle had deteriorated and John Howard, the prison reformer, was particularly critical of the conditions in the prison. Thomas Harrison was commissioned to design a new prison. This was completed in 1792 and praised as one of the best constructed prisons in the country. Harrison then went on to rebuild the medieval Shire Hall in neoclassical style. He also built two new wings, one to act as barracks, the other as an armoury, and designed a massive new entrance to the castle site, styled the Propylaeum. The buildings, which were all in neoclassical style, were built between 1788 and 1822.^[1] The architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner comments that Harrison's work constitutes "one of the most powerful monuments of the Greek Revival in the whole of England".^[6]

In 1925, after being used for 200 years as a warehouse and ammunition store, the crypt and chapel in the Agricola Tower were reconsecrated by the Bishop of Chester for the use of the Cheshire Regiment. In 1939 the chapel was refurnished.^[4]

Present day

Harrison's Propyleum, the ceremonial entrance to the Castle

The complex is entered from Grosvenor Road through the Propylaeum, a Grade I listed building. This consists of a massive entablature supported on widely-spaced (areostyle) Doric columns, flanked by temple-like lodges.^[7] Directly ahead is the former Shire Hall (also listed Grade I) which now houses the Crown Courts. Its façade has 19 bays, the central seven bays of which project forward and constitute a Doric portico.^[8] To the left is the former barracks block which is now the home of the Cheshire Military Museum. To the right is the block which was originally an armoury and later an officers' mess. Both blocks are in neoclassical style and are listed Grade I.^[9][10]

Further to the right are the remains of the Norman castle. The Agricola Tower is a Grade I listed building. It is built in sandstone ashlar with a metal roof in three storeys. The ground floor has a blocked gateway and to the right of the gateway is a slightly projecting stair turret. Internally, the ground floor consists of a crypt, and the first floor contains the chapel of St Mary Castro.^[11] The Agricola Tower is also a scheduled monument.^[12][13] The chapel is still consecrated as the regimental chapel of the Cheshire Regiment. Its ceiling is covered with frescos dating from the early part of the 13th century which depict the Visitation and miracles performed by the Virgin Mary which were revealed during conservation work in the 1990s.^[1]

Agricola Tower

To the south and the west, the curtain walls, which include the Halfmoon Tower, the Flag Tower and the gun emplacement, are listed Grade I.^[14] Other walls within the castle complex are listed Grade II. These are the retaining walls and the railing of the forecourt designed by Thomas Harrison,^[15] and two other areas of the medieval curtain walls.^[16][17] In the castle courtyard is a statue of Queen Victoria dated 1903 by Pomeroy.^[18] The inner bailey is managed by Cheshire West and Chester Council on behalf of English Heritage.^[1]

See also

• Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
• List of castles in England
• List of castles in Cheshire
• Grade I listed buildings in Chester
• Norman architecture in Cheshire
• List of Scheduled Monuments in Cheshire (1066–1539)

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Information Sheet: Chester Castle, Cheshire West and Chester 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Northall, John (2006), Chester Castle, Castles of Wales, http://www.castlewales.com/chester.html, retrieved 7 March 2008 
3. ^ St Mary de Castro, Chester, Cheshire, Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain and Ireland, http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/search/county/site/ed-ch-chsmc.html, retrieved 13 June 2010 
4. ^ ^{a b c} Richards, Raymond (1947), Old Cheshire Churches, London: Batsford, p. 102 
5. ^ Phillips, A. D. M.; Phillips, C. B. (2002), A New Historical Atlas of Cheshire, Chester: Cheshire County Council, p. 37, ISBN 0-904532-46-1 
6. ^ Pevsner & Hubbard 2003, p. 157.
7. ^ "Propylaea, Chester Castle", The National Heritage List for England (English Heritage), 2011, http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1271822, retrieved 27 April 2011 
8. ^ "Assize Courts Block, Chester Castle", The National Heritage List for England (English Heritage), 2011, http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1271823, retrieved 27 April 2011 
9. ^ "A Block, Chester Castle", The National Heritage List for England (English Heritage), 2011, http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1271824, retrieved 27 April 2011 
10. ^ "B Block, Chester Castle", The National Heritage List for England (English Heritage), 2011, http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1245520, retrieved 27 April 2011 
11. ^ "Agricola Tower, Chester Castle", The National Heritage List for England (English Heritage), 2011, http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1271825, retrieved 27 April 2011 
12. ^ Pastscape:Agricola Tower, English Heritage, http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=1100771, retrieved 5 April 2009 
13. ^ "Chester Castle (part)", The National Heritage List for England (English Heritage), 2011, http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1006773, retrieved 27 April 2011 
14. ^ "Curtain wall to west and south west of inner bailey, Chester Castle", The National Heritage List for England (English Heritage), 2011, http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1245537, retrieved 27 April 2011 
15. ^ "Retaining walls and railing of semi circular forecourt, Chester Castle", The National Heritage List for England (English Heritage), 2011, http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1245518, retrieved 27 April 2011 
16. ^ "Curtain wall to east of inner bailey, Chester Castle", The National Heritage List for England (English Heritage), 2011, http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1271821, retrieved 27 April 2011 
17. ^ "Curtain wall to south of inner bailey, Chester Castle", The National Heritage List for England (English Heritage), 2011, http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1245539, retrieved 27 April 2011 
18. ^ Pevsner & Hubbard 2003, p. 158.

Bibliography

• Pevsner, Nikolaus; Hubbard, Edward (2003) [1971], Cheshire, The Buildings of England, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-09588-0 
• Thacker, A. T.; Lewis, C. P., eds. (1945), "Major Buildings: Castle", A History of the County of Chester, Victoria County History (University of London & History of Parliament Trust) 5 (2): pp. 204–213, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=57325, retrieved 27 April 2011 

External links

• A history of the castle part 1
• A history of the castle part 2
• English Heritage site showing one of the frescos