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Cuman language

Cuman language
Cuman
Spoken in Hungary
Region Cumania
Ethnicity Cumans
Native speakers extinct  (date missing)
Language family
Turkic
Language codes
ISO 639-3 qwm

Cuman (also Kuman, ISO 639-3: qwm) was a Kipchak Turkic language spoken by the Cumans (Polovtsy, Folban, Vallany, Kun) and Kipchaks; the language was similar to the today's Crimean Tatar language. The Kipchak language/Cuman is documented in medieval works, including the Codex Cumanicus, and it was a literary language in the Central and Eastern Europe that left a rich literary inheritance. The language became the main language (lingua franca) of the Golden Horde. [1]

The Cuman-Kipchaks were nomadic people that lived in the steppes of Eastern Europe, north of Black Sea before the Golden Horde. Many Cumans were incorporated into other Turkic peoples including the Crimean Tatars, Karachays, and Kumyks.

They later had an important role in the history of Hungary, Rumania (see, for example, the Besarab dynasty), Moldavia and Bessarabia.

The Cuman language became extinct in early 17th century in the region of Cumania in Hungary, which was its last stronghold. Today, Gagauz people of modern Moldavia speak a close variation of Cuman Turkish. Turks of Turkey can also read and understand old Cuman texts. From Codex Cumanicus book,

Cuman Turkic

Atamız kim köktesiñ. Alğışlı bolsun seniñ atıñ, kelsin seniñ xanlığıñ, bolsun seniñ tilemekiñ – neçikkim kökte, alay [da] yerde. Kündeki ötmegimizni bizge bugün bergil. Dağı yazuqlarımıznı bizge boşatqıl – neçik biz boşatırbiz bizge yaman etkenlerge. Dağı yekniñ sınamaqına bizni quurmağıl. Basa barça yamandan bizni qutxarğıl. Amen!

In Modern Turkish, the text is

Atamız sen göktesin. Alkışlı olsun senin adın, gelsin senin hanlığın, olsun senin dilemeğin– nasıl ki gökte, ve yerde. Gündelik ekmeğimizi bize bugün ver. Ve de yazıklarımızdan (suçlarımızdan) bizi bağışla– nasıl biz bağışlarız bize yaman (kötülük) edenleri. Ve de şeytanın sınamasından bizi koru. Tüm yamandan (kötülükten) bizi kurtar. Amin!

Tradition holds that the last speaker of the cuman language was a certain István Varró, a resident of Karcag (Hungary) who died in 1770.

References

  1. ^ http://www.unesco.kz/qypchaq/Memorials-En.htm

External links

v · d · eTurkic languages
Italics indicate extinct languages
Oghur
Bulgar3 · Chuvash · Hunnic · Khazar · Turkic Avar
Uyghuric
Old Turkic · Aini1 · Chagatai · Ili Turki · Lop · Uyghur · Uzbek
Kypchak
Altay · Baraba · Bashkir · Crimean Tatar2 · Cuman · Fergana Kipchak · Karachay-Balkar · Karaim · Karakalpak · Kazakh · Kipchak · Krymchak · Kumyk · Kyrgyz · Nogai · Old Tatar · Tatar · Urum2
Oghuz
Arghu
Siberian
1 Mixed language.   2 Also Oghuz.   3 Classification disputed.

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