Finnish language
language
name=Finnish
nativename=suomi
pronunciation=/ˈsuo.mi/
states=FIN
EST
Flag|Ingria
Flag|Karelia
NOR
SWE
Flag|Torne Valley
region=
speakers=about 6 million
script=
familycolor=Uralic
fam2=Finno-Ugric
fam3=Finno-Permic
fam4=Finno-Volgaic
fam5=Finno-Lappic
fam6=Baltic-Finnic
nation=FIN
EUR
recognised as minority language in:
flagicon|Sweden
flagicon|Karelia
agency=Language Planning Department of the
iso1=fi|iso2=fin|iso3=fin
Blue: Official language
Dark green: Spoken by a minority
Finnish (Audio|fi-suomi.ogg|"suomi", or "suomen kieli") is the language spoken by the majority of the population in
Finnish is a member of the Finno-Ugric language family and is typologically between fusional and
Classification
Finnish is a member of the Baltic-Finnic subgroup of the Finno-Ugric group of languages which in turn is a member of the Uralic family of languages. The Baltic-Finnic subgroup also includes Estonian and other minority languages spoken around the
Finnish demonstrates an affiliation with the
*Shared morphology::*case suffixes such as genitive "-n", partitive "-(t)a" / "-(t)ä" (< Finno-Ugric *"-ta"), essive "-na" / "-nä":*plural markers "-t" and "-i-":*possessive suffixes such as 1st person singular "-ni" (< Finno-Ugric *"-mi"), 2nd person singular "-si" (< Finno-Ugric *"-ti").:*various derivational suffixes
*Shared basic vocabulary displaying regular sound correspondences with the other Finno-Ugric languages
Several theories exist as to the geographic origin of Finnish and the other Uralic languages, but the most widely held view is that they originated as a Proto-Uralic language somewhere in the boreal forest belt around the
It has been posited that speakers of a Finno-Ugric language have been living in the region of current Finland since at least 3000 BC. The Finns are more genetically similar to their Indo-European speaking neighbors than to the speakers of the geographically close Finno-Ugric language, Sami. Therefore it has been argued that a native Finnic population absorbed northward migrating Indo-Europeans who adopted the Finnic language, giving rise to the modern Finns. [ [http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/where_do.html Virtual Finland: Where do Finns come from?] .]
Geographic distribution
Finnish is spoken by about six million people that reside mainly in
Official status
Finnish is one of two
History
Pre-Christian era
It is believed that the Balto-Finnic languages evolved from a proto-Finnic language, from which Sami was separated around 1500-1000 BC. Current research indicates there were three or more proto-Finnic dialects. [cite web|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/sugl/proj/finnic.html|title=Omasta ja vieraasta rakentuminen|author= Laakso, Johanna|month=November|year=2000|quote=Recent research (Sammallahti 1977, Terho Itkonen 1983, Viitso 1985, 2000 etc., Koponen 1991, Salminen 1998 etc.) operates with three or more hypothetical Proto-Finnic proto-dialects and considers the evolution of present-day Finnic languages (partly) as a result of interference and amalgation of (proto-)dialects.|accessdate=2007-09-22] The Baltic Finnic languages separated around the 1st century, but continued to influence each other. Therefore, the Eastern Finnish dialects are genetically Eastern proto-Finnic, with many Eastern features, and the Southwestern Finnish dialects have many genuine Estonian influences.
Medieval period
Finland was annexed to Catholic Sweden in the
The first known written example of Finnish comes from this era and was found in a German travel journal dating back to c.1450: "Mynna tachton gernast spuho somen gelen Emyna dayda" (Modern Finnish: "Minä tahdon kernaasti puhua suomen kieltä, [mutta] en minä taida"; English: "I willingly want to speak Finnish, [but] I cannot"). [cite book |last=Mikkola |first=Anne-Maria |coauthors=Koskela, Lasse; Haapamäki-Niemi, Heljä; Julin, Anita; Kauppinen, Anneli; Nuolijärvi, Pirkko; Valkonen, Kaija |title=Äidinkieli ja kirjallisuus – käsikirja |edition=1st edition |year=2004 |publisher=WSOY |language=Finnish |isbn=951-0-26300-1 |pages=page 87] According to the travel journal, a Finnish bishop, whose name is unknown, was behind the above quotation.
Writing system
The first comprehensive writing system for Finnish was created by
Agricola's written language was based on western dialects of Finnish, and his intention was that each
Later others revised Agricola's work, striving for a more phonetical system. In the process, Finnish ended up losing some of its
*IPA|/ð/ became "d"
*IPA|/θ/ became "ts"
*IPA|/ɣ/ became "v" but only if the voiced velar fricative appeared originally between high labial vowels, otherwise lost entirely.
Modern Finnish punctuation, along with that of Swedish, uses the colon character (:) to separate the stem of the word and its grammatical ending in some cases (such as after abbreviations), where some other alphabetic writing systems would use an
Modernization
In the 19th century
The most important contributions to improving the status of Finnish were made by
Dialects
The dialects of Finnish are divided into two distinct groups, the Western dialects and the Eastern dialects. [cite web|url=http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/|title= Suomen murteet|accessdate=2008-01-03] The dialects are entirely mutually intelligible and distinguished from each other by only minor changes in vowels, diphthongs and rhythm. For the most part, the dialects operate on the same phonology, grammar and vocabulary. There are only marginal examples of sounds or grammatical constructions specific to some dialect and not found in standard Finnish. Two examples are the
The classification of closely related dialects spoken outside of Finland is a politically sensitive issue that has been controversial since Finland's independence in 1917. This concerns specifically the
Western dialects
The South-West dialects "(lounaismurteet)" are spoken in
One of the Far-Northern dialects,
The
Eastern dialects
The Eastern dialects consist of the widespread Savonian dialects "(savolaismurteet)" spoken in
The language spoken in the parts of Karelia that have not historically been under Swedish or Finnish rule is usually called the
Dialect chart of Finnish
* Western dialects
**Southern-Western dialects
***Proper Southern-Western dialects
**** Northern dialect group
**** Southern dialect group
***Southern-Western middle dialects
****Pori region dialects
****Ala-Satakunta dialects
****dialects of Turku highlands
****Somero region dialects
****Western Uusimaa dialects
**Tavastian dialects
***Ylä-Satakunta dialects
***Heart Tavastian dialects
***Southern Tavastian dialects
***Southern-Eastern Tavastian dialects
****Hollola dialect group
****Porvoo dialect group
****Iitti dialect group
**Southern Botnian dialects
**Middle and Northern Botnian dialects
***Middle Botnian dialects
***Northern Botnian dialects
**Peräpohjola dialects
***Tornio dialects ("
***Kemi dialects
***Kemijärvi dialects
***Jällivaara dialects ("Meänkieli" in Sweden)
***Ruija dialects ("
*Eastern dialects
**
***Northern Savonian dialects
***Southern Savonian dialects
***Middle dialects of Savonlinna region
***Eastern Savonian dialects or the dialects of North Karelia
***Kainuu dialects
***Keuruu-Evijärvi dialects
***Savonian dialects of Värmland (Sweden)
**Southern-Eastern dialects
***Proper Southern-Eastern dialects
***Middle dialects of Lemi region
***Middle dialects of Sortavala region (now in Russia)
***Dialects of Ingria (in Russia) [http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/]
Linguistic varieties
There are two main varieties of Finnish used throughout the country. One is the "standard language" ("yleiskieli"), and the other is the "spoken language" ("puhekieli"). The standard language is used in formal situations like political speeches and newscasts. Its written form, the "book language" ("kirjakieli"), is used in nearly all written texts, not always excluding even the dialogue of common people in popular prose. The spoken language, on the other hand, is the main variety of Finnish used in popular TV and radio shows and at workplaces, and may be preferred to a dialect in personal communication.
tandardization
Standard Finnish is prescribed by the Language Office of the
poken Finnish
The spoken language has mostly developed naturally from earlier forms of Finnish, and spread from main cultural and political centres. The standard language, however, has always been a consciously constructed medium for literature. It preserves grammatical patterns that have mostly vanished from the colloquial varieties and, as its main application is writing, it features complex syntactic patterns that are not easy to handle when used in speech. The spoken language develops significantly faster, and the grammatical and phonological simplifications include also the most common pronouns and suffixes, which sum up to frequent but modest differences. Some sound changes have been left out of the formal language, such as the irregularization of some common verbs by assimilation, e.g. "tule-" → "tuu-" (although "tule" can be used in spoken language as well).
Written language certainly still exerts a considerable influence upon the spoken word, due to the fact that illiteracy is nonexistent and many Finns are avid readers. In fact, it is still not entirely uncommon to meet people who "talk like a book" ("puhuvat kirjakieltä"), although this is seen as pedantic. More common is the intrusion of typically book-like constructions into a colloquial discourse, as a kind of quote from written Finnish. It should also be noted that it is quite common to hear book-like and polished speech on radio or TV, and the constant exposure to such language tends to lead to the adoption of such constructions even in everyday language.
A prominent example of the effect of the standard language is the development of the consonant gradation form /ts : ts/ as in "metsä : metsän", as this pattern was originally (1940) found natively only in the dialects of southern Karelian isthmus and
The orthography of the informal language follows that of the formal language. However, sometimes
Examples
:formal language — colloquial language:"he menevät — ne menee" "they go" (loss of distinction of
Note that there are noticeable differences between dialects. These examples are mostly from the language as spoken in the capital area (Helsinki dialect or even "Stadin slangi).
Phonology
Characteristic features of Finnish (common to other Finno-Ugric languages) are
The main stress is always on the first syllable, and it is articulated by adding approximately 100 ms more length to the stressed vowel.Fact|date=September 2008 Stress does not cause any measurable modifications in vowel quality (very much unlike English). However, stress is not strong and words appear evenly stressed. In some cases, stress is so weak that the highest points of volume, pitch and other indicators of "articulation intensity" are not on the first syllable, although native speakers recognize the first syllable as a stressed syllable.
There are eight vowels, whose lexical and grammatical role is highly important, and which are unusually strictly controlled, so that there is almost no
:1 Although conventionally and conveniently written with the
The usual analysis is that Finnish has long and short vowels and consonants as distinct phonemes. However, long vowels may be analyzed as a vowel followed by a
Finnish has a consonant inventory of small to moderate size, where voicing is mostly not distinctive, and fricatives are scarce. Finnish has relatively few non-
# is the equivalent of IPA|/t/ under weakening
# The
# The short
Almost all consonant have phonemic
Independent consonant clusters are not allowed in native words, except for a small set of two-consonant
As a Finno-Ugric language, it is somewhat special in two respects: loss of fricatives and loss of
An interesting feature of Fennic phonology is the development of labial vowels in non-initial syllables.
Finnish has only two fricatives, namely IPA|/s/ and IPA|/h/. All other fricatives are recognized as foreign, of which Finnish speakers can usually reliably distinguish IPA|/f/ and IPA|/ʃ/.
Morphophonology
Finnish has several morphophonological processes between grammar ("logic") and phonology ("sounds") that require modification of the forms of words for daily speech. The most important processes are
Vowel harmony is a redundancy feature, which means that the feature [±back] is uniform within a word, and so it is necessary to interpret it only once for a given word. It is meaning-distinguishing in the initial syllable, and suffixes follow; so, if the listener hears [±back] in any part of the word, they can derive [±back] for the initial syllable. For example, "tuote" ("product") agglutinates to "tuotteeseensa" ("into his product"), where the final vowel becomes the back vowel 'a' (rather than the front vowel 'ä') because the initial syllable contains the back vowels 'uo'. This is especially notable because vowels 'a' and 'ä' are different, meaning-distinguishing
Consonant gradation is a
Grammar
The
Verbs gain personal suffixes for each person; these suffixes are grammatically more important than pronouns, which are often not used at all in standard Finnish. The infinitive is not the uninflected form but has a suffix "-ta" or "-da"; the closest one to an uninflected form is the third person singular indicative. There are four persons, first ("I, we"), second ("you (singular), you (plural)"), third ("s/he, they") and indefinite (often called impersonal or "passive", similar to e.g. English "people say/do/…"). There are four tenses, namely present, past, perfect and pluperfect; the system mirrors the Germanic system. The future tense is not needed due to context and the telic contrast. For example, "luen kirjan" "I read a book (completely)" indicates a future, when "luen kirjaa" "I read a book (not yet complete)" indicates present.
Nouns may be suffixed with the markers for the aforementioned
Lexicon
:"See the lists of and at
Finnish extensively employs regular agglutination. It has a smaller core vocabulary than, for example, English, and uses derivative suffixes to a greater extent. As an example, take the word "kirja" "a book", from which one can form derivatives "kirjain" "a letter" (of the
Here are some of the more common such suffixes. Which of each pair is used depends on the word being suffixed in accordance with the rules of
*-"ja/jä" : agent (one who does) (e.g. "lukea" "to read" → "lukija" "reader")
*"-lainen/läinen": inhabitant of (either noun or adjective). "Englanti" "England" → "englantilainen" "English person or thing"; "Venäjä" → "venäläinen" "person from
*"-sto/stö": collection of. For example: "kirja" "a book" → "kirjasto" "a library"; "laiva" "a ship" → "laivasto" "navy, fleet".
*"-in": instrument or tool. For example: "kirjata" "to book, to file" → "kirjain" "a letter" (of the alphabet); "vatkata" "to whisk" → "vatkain" "a whisk, mixer".
*"-uri/yri": an agent or instrument ("kaivaa" "to dig" → "kaivuri" "a digging machine"; "laiva" "a ship" → "laivuri" "shipper, shipmaster").
*"-os/ös": result of some action ("tulla" "to come" → "tulos" "result, outcome"; "tehdä" "to do" → "teos" "a piece of work").
*"-ton/tön": lack of something, "un-", "-less" ("onni" "happiness" → "onneton" "unhappy"; "koti" "home" → "koditon" "homeless").
*"-llinen": having (the quality of) something ("lapsi" "a child" → "lapsellinen" "childish"; "kauppa" "a shop, commerce" → "kaupallinen" "commercial").
*"-kas/käs": similar to "-llinen" ("itse" "self" → "itsekäs" "selfish"; "neuvo" "advice" → "neuvokas" "resourceful").
*"-va/vä": doing or having something ("taitaa" "to be able" → "taitava" "skillful"; "johtaa" "to lead" → "johtava" "leading").
*"-la/lä": a place related to the main word ("kana" "a hen" → "kanala" "a henhouse"; "pappi" "a priest" → "pappila" "a parsonage").
Verbal suffixes are extremely diverse; several
Borrowing
Over the course of many centuries, the Finnish language has borrowed a great many words from a wide variety of languages, most from neighboring
In general, the first loan words into Finno-Ugric languages seem to come from very early
Often quoted loan examples are "kuningas" "king" and "ruhtinas" "prince, high ranking nobleman" from Germanic "*kuningaz" and "*druhtinaz", but another example is "äiti" "mother", from Gothic "eiþai", which is interesting because borrowing of close-kinship vocabulary is a rare phenomenon. The original Finnish "emo" has become a
More recently, Swedish has been a prolific source of borrowings, and also, the Swedish language acted as a proxy for European words, especially those relating to government. Present-day Finland belonged to the kingdom of Sweden from the 12th century and was ceded to Russia in 1809, becoming an autonomous Grand Duchy. Swedish was retained as the official language and language of the upper class even after this. When Finnish was accepted as an official language, it gained only legal "equal status" with Swedish, which persists even today. It is still the case today, though only about 5.5% of Finnish nationals, the
Especially words dealing with administrative or modern culture came to Finnish from Swedish, sometimes reflecting the oldest Swedish form of the word ("lag" - "laki", 'law'; "län" - "lääni", 'county'; "bisp" - "piispa", 'bishop'; "jordpäron" - "peruna", 'potato'), and many more survive as informal synonyms in spoken or dialectal Finnish (e.g. "likka", from Swedish "flicka", 'girl', usually "tyttö" in Finnish).
Typical Russian loanwords are old or very old, thus hard to recognize as such, and concern everyday concepts, e.g. "papu" "bean", "sini" "(n.) blue" and "pappi" "priest". Notably, a few religious words such as "Raamattu" ("Bible") are loaned from Russian, which indicates language contact preceding the Swedish era. This is mainly believed to be result of trade with Novgorod 9th century and so on and the Orthodox converting in 13th century.
Most recently, and with increasing impact, English has been the source of new
The importance of English as the language of global commerce has led many non-English companies, including Finland's
However, this does not mean that Finnish is threatened by English. Borrowing is normal language evolution, and neologisms are coined actively not only by the government, but also by the media. Moreover, Finnish and English have a considerably different grammar, phonology and phonotactics, discouraging direct borrowing. English loan words in Finnish slang include for example "pleikkari" "PlayStation", "hodari" "hot dog", and "hedari" "headache". Often these loanwords are distinctly identified as
Neologisms
Some modern terms have been synthesised rather than borrowed, for example::"puhelin" "telephone" (literally: "chatter" + instrument suffix "-in" to make "an instrument for chattering"):"tietokone" "computer" (literally: "knowledge machine"):"levyke" "diskette" (from "levy" "disc" + a diminutive "-ke"):"sähköposti" "email" (literally: "electrical mail"):"linja-auto" "bus" (literally: route-car)Neologisms are actively generated by the Language Planning Office and the media. They are widely adopted. One would actually give an old-fashioned or rustic impression using forms such as "telefooni" or "kompuutteri" when the neologism is widely adopted.
Loans to other languages
Orthography
Finnish is written with the Swedish variant of the Latin alphabet that includes the distinct characters Ä and Ö, and also several characters not used in Finnish (including for example C, Q, Å). The Finnish orthography built upon the phonetic principle: each phoneme (distinct sound) of the language is represented by exactly one grapheme (independent letter), and each grapheme represents almost exactly one phoneme. This makes the language easy for its speakers to spell, and facilitates learning to read and write. The rule of thumb for Finnish orthography is: "write as you read, read as you write". However, morphemes retain their spelling despite
Some orthographical notes:
*Long vowels and consonants are represented by double occurrences of the relevant graphemes. This causes no confusion, and permits these sounds to be written without having to nearly double the size of the alphabet to accommodate separate graphemes for long sounds.
*The grapheme "h" occurring before a consonant sounds slightly harder (initially
*
*Some consonants (v, j, d) and all consonants occurring in (always medial) clusters do not have distinctive length, and consequently, their allophonic variation is not indicated in spelling, e.g. "rajaan" /rajaan/ (I limit) vs. "raijaan" /raijjaan/ (I haul).
*Pre-1900s texts and personal names use "w" for "v". Both correspond to the same phoneme, the
*The letters "
Although Finnish is almost completely written like it is spoken, there are few differences:
* The "n" in "nk" is a
* The gemination between words is not marked in writing.
* The double consonant in clitic is marked as a single consonant.
* Only comparative and superlative adjectives the letter m is used like in speech in word like "parempi", but in other similar cases the letter n is used, like in "onpa"
* The /j/ after the letter i is very weak or there is no /j/ at all, but in writing it is used, example: "urheilija". Indeed the j is not used in writing words with consonant gradation (like "aion" and some other (like "läksiäiset")
* In speech there is no difference between the use of /i/ in words (like "ajoittaa", but "ehdottaa", but in writing there are quite simple rules: The i is written in words that consist two syllables and end in a or ä ("sanoittaa"), and in words that are old-stylish ("innoittaa"). The i is not written in words that consist two syllables and end in o or ö like ("erottaa"), words which do not have clear proto-word ("hajottaa"), and in words that are descriptive ("häämöttää") or workaday by their style ("rehottaa")
If the graphemes "ä" and "ö" are not accessible due to technical limitations, they must be replaced with "a" and "o", respectively. As they are not umlauts, it is wrong to write them as umlaut digraphs "ae, oe," as in German. Sequences "ae and oe" are distinct phonemes from "ä and ö", e.g. "haen" "I seek" vs. "hän" "he"/"she".
The sounds "š" and "ž" are not a part of Finnish language itself and have been introduced somewhat artificially by a government regulation. Although they occur in some rare loanwords, their principal use is in the transcription of foreign names. For technical reasons or convenience, the graphemes "sh" and "zh" are often used in quickly or less carefully written texts instead of "š" and "ž". This is a deviation from the phonetic principle, and as such is liable to cause confusion, but the damage is minimal as the transcribed words are foreign in any case. Finnish does not use the sounds "z", "š" or "ž", but for the sake of exactitude, they can be included in spelling. (The recommendation cites the Russian play Hovanshtshina as an example.) Many speakers pronounce all of them "s", or distinguish only between "s" and "š", because Finnish has no voiced sibilants. [cite web|url=http://users.tkk.fi/~tuhkanen/Sery-C/Kotus-sz-hatut-FI.html|title=Kirjaimet š ja ž suomen kielenoikeinkirjoituksessa|publisher=KOTUS|year=1998|accessdate=2008-01-26]
The language may be identified by its distinctive lack of the letters "b, c, f, q, w, x, z" and "å."
Language example
"Hyväntahtoinen aurinko katseli heitä. Se ei missään tapauksessa ollut heille vihainen. Kenties tunsi jonkinlaista myötätuntoakin heitä kohtaan. Aika velikultia." |
—
(Translation: "The benevolent sun watched them. By no means was it angry at them. Perhaps it even felt a kind of compassion towards them. Jolly good brothers.")
Basic greetings
*(Hyvää) huomenta – Good morning
*(Hyvää) päivää – Good afternoon (literally "Good day")
*(Hyvää) iltapäivää – Good afternoon
*(Hyvää) iltaa – Good evening
*Hyvää yötä / Öitä – Good night / Good night
*Terve! / Moro! – Hello!
*Hei! / Moi! – Hi!
*Heippa! / Moikka! / Hei hei! / Moi moi! – Bye!
*Nähdään – See you later (literally "will be seen")
*Näkemiin / Hyvästi – Goodbye
*Hauska tutustua! – Nice to meet you
*Kiitos – Thank you
*Kiitos, samoin – Likewise
*Mitä kuuluu? – How are you / How you doing? (Not used among strangers.) (literally "what is heard?")
*Kiitos hyvää – I'm fine, thank you
*Tervetuloa! – Welcome!
Important words and phrases
* kyllä – yes
* joo - yeah (informal)
* ei – no, not
* minä, sinä, hän – I, you, he/she
* me, te, he – we, you, they
* (minä) olen – I am
* (sinä) olet - you are
* yksi, kaksi, kolme – one, two, three
* neljä, viisi, kuusi – four, five, six
* seitsemän, kahdeksan – seven, eight
* yhdeksän, kymmenen – nine, ten
* sata, tuhat, miljoona – hundred, thousand, million
* (minä) rakastan sinua – I love you
* anteeksi – forgive me, excuse me
* olen pahoillani – I'm sorry (apology)
* otan osaa – I'm sorry (sympathy)
* totta kai – of course
* pieni hetki, pikku hetki, hetkinen – one moment please!
* Suomi – Finland
* suomi – Finnish language
* suomalainen – (noun) Finn; (adjective) Finnish
* Mitä kuuluu? – How are you? (note: not used among strangers)
* En ymmärrä – I don't understand
* Ymmärrän – I understand
* ¹Ymmärrät(te)kö suomea? – Do you understand Finnish?
* ¹Puhut(te)ko englantia? – Do you speak English?
* Olen englantilainen / amerikkalainen / kanadalainen / australialainen / uusiseelantilainen / irlantilainen / skotlantilainen – I am English / American / Canadian / Australian / New Zealander / Irish / Scottish
* ¹Olet(te)ko englantilainen? – Are you English?
* Missä (sinä) asut/¹Missä (te) asutte? – Where do you live?
¹ -te is added to make the sentence formal. Otherwise, without the added "-te", it is informal. It is also added when talking to more than one person. The transition from second-person singular to second-person plural ("teitittely") is a politeness pattern, advised by many "good manners guides". Elderly people, especially, expect it from strangers, whereas the younger might feel it to be too formal to the point of coldness. However, a learner of the language should not be excessively concerned about it. Omitting it is never offensive, but one should keep in mind that on formal occasions this custom may make a good impression.
Finnish and popular culture
The linguist and author
References
ee also
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External links
* [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=fin Finnish language on Ethnologue]
* [http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/Finnish.html The Finnish language --- a great list of resources]
* [http://koti.welho.com/jschalin/index.htm Early Indo-European Loanwords in Finnish]
* [http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/viewtopic.php?p=528957&sid=01b0f153c02882afe90bf85f95032f6c#528957 Proto-Uralic to Finnish] (in
Dictionaries
* [http://efe.fi/ English-Finnish-English Dictionary]
* [http://www.dicts.info/dictlist1.php?l=Finnish Collection of Finnish bilingual dictionaries]
* [http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/finnish.htm Finnish Etymological Dictionary by Andras Rajki]
* [http://czudovo.info/list.php?what=1&ln=fi&in=from_en English-Finnish and Russian-Finnish Dictionary]
Tutorials
* [http://iteslj.org/v/f/ English-Finnish vocabulary quizzes]
* [http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/~fkarlsso/genkau2.html The 2 253 possible forms of the Finnish noun "kauppa" 'shop']