The Guardian

Infobox Newspaper
name = The Guardian


caption = Typical "Guardian" front page.
type = Daily newspaper
format = Berliner
ceased publication =
price = £0.80 (Monday-Friday) £1.50 (Saturday)
foundation = 1821
owners = Guardian Media Group
language = English
political = Centre-leftcite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/oct/16/uselections2004.usa2 |title=World writes to undecided voters |accessdate=2008-07-13 |publisher=The Guardian |year=2004 |author=Matt Wells ]
circulation = 351,031 [cite news |last=Tryhorn |first=Chris |title=April ABCS - Financial Times dips for second month |publisher=Guardian.co.uk |date=9 May 2008 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/may/09/abcs.pressandpublishing1 |accessdate=2008-05-24]
headquarters = 119 Farringdon Road, London, EC1R 3ER
editor = Alan Rusbridger
website = [http://www.guardian.co.uk/ guardian.co.uk]

"The Guardian " (until 1959, "The Manchester Guardian") is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. It is published Monday to Saturday in the Berliner format from its London and Manchester headquarters.

"The Guardian Weekly", which circulates worldwide, provides a compact digest of four newspapers. It contains articles from "The Guardian" and its Sunday, sister paper "The Observer", as well as reports, features and book reviews from "The Washington Post" and articles translated from France's "Le Monde".

"The Guardian" had a certified average daily circulation of 355,750 copies as of August 2007ndash a drop of 5.94% on the first month of the year, as compared to sales of 887,664 for the "Daily Telegraph", 638,820 for "The Times", and 239,834 for "The Independent". [Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltdndash abc.org.uk]

The Guardian Media Group also runs a website, "guardian.co.uk".

Stance and editorial opinion

Editorial articles in "The Guardian" are generally to the left of the political spectrum. This is reflected in the paper's readership: a MORI poll taken between April and June 2000 showed that 80% of "Guardian" readers were Labour Party voters; ["International Socialism" Spring 2003, ISBN 1-898876-97-5] according to another MORI poll taken in 2004, 44% of "Guardian" readers were Labour voters and 37% Liberal Democrat voters. [MORI, 2005-03-09. " [http://www.mori.com/polls/2004/voting-by-readership.shtml Voting Intention by Newspaper Readership] "]

Founded by textile traders and merchants, "The Guardian" had a reputation as "an organ of the middle class", [Frederick Engels, "The Condition of the Working Class in England", Progress, 1973, p 109.] or in the words of C.P. Scott's son Ted "a paper that will remain bourgeois to the last". [Ayerst, "The Guardian", 1971, p.471.] "I write for the "Guardian"," said Sir Max Hastings in 2005, ["New Statesman", 21 February 2005.] "because it is read by the new establishment", reflecting the paper's growing influence.

1821 to 1959

"The Manchester Guardian" was founded in Manchester in 1821 by a group of non-conformist businessmen headed by John Edward Taylor. The prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that "it will zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty ... it will warmly advocate the cause of Reform; it will endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy; and to support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, all serviceable measures."

"The Manchester Guardian" was hostile to the Unionist cause in the American civil war, writing on the news that Lincoln had been assassinated "of his rule, we can never speak except as a series of acts abhorrent to every true notion of constitutional right and human liberty". [27 April 1865]

Its most famous editor, C P Scott, made the newspaper nationally recognised. He was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylor's son in 1907. Under Scott the paper's moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886, and opposing the Second Boer War against popular opinion.Fact|date=April 2007. Scott supported the movement for women's suffrage, but was critical of any tactics by the Suffragettes that involved direct action [http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2007/nov/13/research.highereducation June Purvis: "Unladylike behaviour", "The Guardian", 13 November 2007] ] : "The really ludicrous position is that Mr Lloyd George is fighting to enfranchise seven million women and the militants are smashing unoffending people's windows and breaking up benevolent societies' meetings in a desperate effort to prevent him." Scott thought the Suffragettes' "courage and devotion" was "worthy of a better cause and saner leadership". [quoted in David Ayerst, "The Guardian," 1971, p 353] It has been argued that Scott's criticism reflected a widespread disdain, at the time, for those women who "transgressed the gender expectations of Edwardian society".

Scott's friendship with Chaim Weizmann played a role in the Balfour Declaration, and in 1948 "The Guardian" was a supporter of the State of Israel. Daphna Baram tells the story of "The Guardian"'s relationship with the Zionist movement and Israel in the book "Disenchantment: The Guardian and Israel". [cite book |title=Disenchantment: The "Guardian" and Israel |author=Daphna Baram |authorlink=Daphna Baram |publisher=Politico |year=2003 |id=ISBN 1-84275-119-0] In June 1936 ownership of the paper passed to the Scott Trust (named after the last owner, John Russell Scott, who was the first chairman of the Trust). This move ensured the paper's independence.

Traditionally affiliated with the centrist Liberal Party, and with a northern, non-conformist circulation base, the paper earned a national reputation and the respect of the left during the Spanish Civil War. With the pro-Liberal "News Chronicle", the Labour-supporting "Daily Herald", the Communist Party's "Daily Worker" and several Sunday and weekly papers, it supported the 'Republican' government against General Francisco Franco's insurgent 'nationalists'. The paper so loathed Labour's left wing champion Aneurin Bevan "and the hate-gospellers of his entourage" that it called for Attlee's post-war Labour government to be voted out of office. ["Manchester Guardian", leader, 22 October 1951] Its anti-establishment stance fell short of opposing military intervention during the 1956 Suez Crisis: "The government is right to be prepared for military action at Suez", because Egyptian control of the canal would be "commercially damaging for the West and perhaps part of a plan for creating a new Arab Empire based on the Nile". [Leader, 2 August 1956]

1959 to 2000

When 14 Civil Rights demonstrators were killed on Bloody Sunday, 30 January 1972, in Northern Ireland, "The Guardian" blamed the protesters: "The organisers of the demonstration, Miss Bernadette Devlin among them, deliberately challenged the ban on marches. They knew that stone throwing and sniping could not be prevented, and that the IRA might use the crowd as a shield." ("Guardian", 1 February 1972 ["Leader, 1 February 1972 [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/1972/feb/01/bloodysunday.northernireland1 The division deepens] " "The Guardian".] ). Lord Widgery's enquiry into the killings was widely believed to have been a whitewash Fact|date=April 2007ndash "The Guardian", however, declared that "Lord Widgery's report is not one-sided" (20 April 1972 ["Leader, 20 April 1972 [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/1972/apr/20/bloodysunday.northernireland To make history repeat itself] " "The Guardian".] ). The paper also supported internment without trial in Northern Ireland: "Internment without trial is hateful, repressive and undemocratic. In the existing Irish situation, most regrettably, it is also inevitable. ... To remove the ringleaders, in the hope that the atmosphere might calm down, is a step to which there is no obvious alternative." ("Guardian" leader, 10 August 1971) And before then, "The Guardian" had called for British troops to be sent to the region: British soldiers could "present a more disinterested face of law and order" (leader, 15 August 1969), but only on condition that "Britain takes charge" (leader, 4 August 1969).

Three of "The Guardian"'s four leader writers joined the Social Democratic Party on its foundation in 1981, but the paper was enthusiastic in its support for Tony Blair in his bid to lead the Labour Party, ["Guardian" leader, 2 July 1994.] and to become Prime Minister. ["Guardian" leader, 2 May 1997/]

In 1983 the paper was at the centre of a controversy surrounding documents regarding the stationing of cruise missiles in Britain that were leaked to "The Guardian" by civil servant Sarah Tisdall. The paper eventually complied with a court order to hand over the documents to the authorities, which resulted in a prison sentence for Tisdall.

In the first Gulf War, between 1990 and 1991, "The Guardian" never supported military action against Iraq: "Frustration in the Gulf leads temptingly to the invocation of task forces and tactical bombing, but the military option is no option at all. The emergence yesterday of a potential hostage problem of vast dimensions only emphasised that this is far too complex a crisis for gunboat diplomacy. Loose talk of “carpet bombing” Baghdad should be put back in the bottle of theoretical but unacceptable scenarios". (leader 6 August 1990). After the event, journalist Maggie O'Kane conceded that she and other journalists had been a mouthpiece for war propaganda: "we, the media, were harnessed like beach donkeys and led through the sand to see what the British and US military wanted us to see in this nice clean war." ("Guardian" 16 December 1995)

In 1995, both the Granada Television programme "World In Action" and "The Guardian" were sued for libel by the then cabinet minister Jonathan Aitken, for their allegation that the Harrods owner Mohamed Al Fayed had paid for Aitken and his wife to stay at the Hôtel Ritz in Paris, which would have amounted to accepting a bribe on Aitken's part. Aitken publicly stated he would fight with "the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play". [Jonathan Aitken, 1995. " [http://www.guardian.co.uk/aitken/Story/0,2763,208516,00.html The simple sword of truth] ." "The Guardian".] The court case proceeded, and in 1997 "The Guardian" produced evidence that Aitken's claim of his wife paying for the hotel stay was untrue. [Luke Harding and David Pallister, 1997 " [http://www.guardian.co.uk/aitken/Story/0,2763,208503,00.html He lied and lied and lied] " "The Guardian".] In 1999, Aitken was jailed for perjury and perverting the course of justice. [BBC News, 1999. " [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/258070.stm Aitken pleads guilty to perjury] ."]

Since 2000

In the early 2000s, "The Guardian" challenged the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Treason Felony Act 1848. [Clare Dyer, 6 December 2000. " [http://www.guardian.co.uk/monarchy/story/0,,407460,00.html A challenge to the crown: now is the time for change] " "The Guardian"] [Nicholas Watt, 7 December 2000. " [http://www.guardian.co.uk/monarchy/story/0,,407917,00.html Broad welcome for debate on monarchy] " "The Guardian"]

The paper supported NATO's military intervention in the Kosovo War in 1999. Though the United Nations Security Council did not support the attack, "The Guardian" insisted that "The only honourable course for Europe and America is to use military force" (Leader, 23 March 1999). More bluntly, Mary Kaldor headlined her piece "Bombs away!" (25 March 1999).

Hugo Young warned "armchair critics of Nato's strategy in Kosovo" what was at stake: "the defeat of Nato by Yugoslavia is a prospect that cannot be contemplated" ("Guardian", 27 April 1999). The moral certainty about Nato was mirrored by a similarly low opinion of the country they were fighting over: "a god-forsaken, dirt-poor, hate-ridden blot on the map of Europe", according to Polly Toynbee (Guardian,18 April 1999).

During the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, "The Guardian" attracted a significant proportion of anti-war readers as one of the mass-media outlets most critical of UK and USA military initiatives. The paper did, however, endorse the argument that Iraq had to be disarmed of 'Weapons of Mass Destruction': "It is not credible to argue, as Iraq did in its initial reaction to Mr Powell [at the Security Council] , that it is simply all lies. ...Iraq must disarm." ("Guardian" Leader, Thursday 6 February 2003) And the paper congratulated UK Prime Minister on his victory: "For a leader who went to war in the absence of a single political ally who believed in the war as unreservedly as he did, Iraq now looks like a vindication on an astounding scale." (Hugo Young, 13 April 2003)

Despite its early support for the Zionist movement, in recent decades "The Guardian" has often been perceived as critical of Israeli government policy. In December 2003 journalist Julie Burchill cited this as one of the reasons she left the paper for "The Times". [Julie Burchill, 29 November 2003. " [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,5673,1094420,00.html Good bad and ugly] ." "The Guardian".] She later accused "The Guardian" of being anti-semitic. ["The Guardian", the newspaper I left some years ago in protest at what I saw as its vile anti-Semitism." [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/749291.html] ]

In 2008 the editor of "The Guardian", Alan Rusbridger, apologised for an editorial in the paper in 2002 concerning "Operation Defensive Shield", which stated that "Israel's actions in Jenin were every bit as repellent as Osama Bin Laden's attack on New York on September 11." Rusbridger described the statement as a misjudgment. [ cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1204546391279 |title='Guardian' editor apologizes for Jenin editorial|publisher=Jerusalem Post |date=March 4, 2008] .

In 2006, the paper was accused by Harvard law professor Alan Dershowitz of being biased against Israel. [cite news |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1136739501.html?dids=1136739501:1136739501&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+28%2C+2006&author=ALAN+DERSHOWITZ&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=16&desc=%27The+Guardian%27+at+the+crossroads |title='The Guardian' at the crossroads |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date=September 27, 2006] This allegation was denied by "The Guardian"'s foreign editor, Harriet Sherwood, who says the paper aims to cover all viewpoints in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. [cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/values/socialaudit/story/0,,1931208,00.html |title=News coverage |publisher=The Guardian |date=October 25, 2006] On 6 June 2007 the paper commemorated the 40th anniversary of the Six Day War by giving equal space to the Israeli and Palestinian prime ministers to explain their views on the conflict and its legacy. [Ismail Haniyeh, 6 June 2007. " [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,2096359,00.html 1967: Our rights have to be recognised] ." "The Guardian".] [Ehud Olmert, 6 June 2007. " [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,2096360,00.html 1967: Israel cannot make peace alone] ." "The Guardian".]

In August 2004, for the US presidential election, the daily "G2" supplement launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in Clark County, Ohio, a small county in a swing state. "G2" editor Ian Katz bought a voter list from the county for $25 and asked readers to write to people listed as undecided in the election, giving them an impression of the international view and the importance of making the correct decision. There was something of a backlash to this campaign. The paper scrapped "Operation Clark County" on 21 October 2004 after first publishing a column of vituperation under the headline "Dear Limey assholes". [cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uselections2004/story/0,13918,1329858,00.html|title=Dear Limey Assholes|accessdate=2008-05-13|publisher="The Guardian"|date=2004-10-18]

In October 2004 "The Guardian" published a humour column by Charlie Brooker in its entertainment guide, which appeared to call for the assassination of US President George W. Bush. [CNS News, 25 October 2004." [http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewPolitics.asp?Page=%5CPolitics%5Carchive%5C200410%5CPOL20041025a.html Left-Wing UK Paper Pulls Bush Assassination Column] ."] This caused some controversy and the paper was forced to issue an apology and remove the article from its website. [Charlie Brooker, 24 October 2004." [http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguide/tvradio/story/0,14676,1335307,00.html Screen Burn, The Guide] ." "The Guardian".]

Guardian Feature Editor Ian Katz stated in 2004 that "it is no secret we are a centre-left newspaper". In 2008 Guardian columist Jackie Ashley claimed that editorial contributors were a mix of "right-of-centre libertarians, greens, Blairites, Brownites, Labourite but less enthusiastic Brownites, etc" and that the newspaper was "clearly left of centre and vaguely progressive". She also said that "you can be absolutely certain that come the next general election, "The Guardian"'s stance will not be dictated by the editor, still less any foreign proprietor (it helps that there isn't one) but will be the result of vigorous debate within the paper"cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/apr/29/aretheguardianistasrats|title=Are the Guardianistas rats?|accessdate=2008-07-13|publisher=The Guardian|year=2008|author=Jackie Ashley] .

Following the 7 July 2005 London bombings, "The Guardian" published an article on its comment pages by Dilpazier Aslam, a 27 year old British Muslim journalism trainee from Yorkshire. [Dilpazier Aslam, 2005-07-13. " [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1527323,00.html We rock the boat] ." "The Guardian".] Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir, an Islamist group, and had published a number of articles on their website. According to the paper, it did not know that Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir when he applied to become a trainee, though several staff members were informed of this once he started at the paper. [Media Guardian, 2005-07-22. " [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1534494,00.html Background: the Guardian and Dilpazier Aslam] ." "The Guardian".] The Home Office has claimed the group's "ultimate aim is the establishment of an Islamic state (Caliphate), according to Hizb ut-Tahrir via non-violent means". "The Guardian" asked Aslam to resign his membership of the group and, when he did not do so, terminated his employment. [Steve Busfield, 2005-07-22. " [http://media.guardian.co.uk/presspublishing/story/0,,1534480,00.html Dilpazier Aslam leaves Guardian] ." "The Guardian".]

On 8 January 2007, an article in "The Guardian" read: "Romania's first gift to the European Union, a caucus of neo-fascists and Holocaust deniers", alluding to the fact that Romania and Bulgaria's joining of the European Union would allow for the formation of a far-right faction in the European Parliament. As Robin Shepherd, an expert on global integration and GMF political analyst, pointed out, many frowned upon the tone with which the English press wrote about Europe's newcomers. He asked: "...what is a high-level, pro-European Union newspaper playing at in headlining a report on the rise of hard-line nationalism with language that could itself be construed as pandering to xenophobia?" [Robin Shepherd, "Romania, Bulgaria, and the EU's Future." GMFUS]

The paper's comment and opinion pages, though dominated by centre-left writers and academics like Polly Toynbee, allow some space for right-of-centre voices such as Simon Jenkins.

Ownership

"The Guardian" is part of the GMG Guardian Media Group of newspapers, radio stations, print media including "The Observer" Sunday newspaper, the "Manchester Evening News", "The Guardian Weekly" international newspaper, and new media—Guardian Abroad website, and "guardian.co.uk". All the aforementioned were owned by The Scott Trust, a charitable foundation existing between 1936 and 2008, which aimed to ensure the paper's editorial independence in perpetuity, maintaining its financial health to ensure it did not become vulnerable to take overs by for-profit media groups, and the serious compromise of editorial independence that this often brings. At the beginning of October 2008, the Scott Trusts assets were transferred to a new limited company, The Scott Trust Limited, with the intention being that the original trust would be wound up. [Tara Conlan [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/oct/08/theguardian.theobserver "Guardian owner the Scott Trust to be wound up after 72 years",] "The Guardian", 8 October 2008. Retrieved on 10 October 2008.] Dame Liz Forgan, chair of the Scott Trust, reassured staff that the purposes of the new company remained as under the previous arrangements.

"The Guardian" has been consistently loss-making. The National Newspaper division of GMG, which also includes "The Observer", reported operating losses of £49.9m in 2006, up from £18.6m in 2005. [Guardian Media Group plc 2006. " [http://www.gmgplc.co.uk/gmgplc/media/news/article/article110.html Guardian Media Group 2005/6 results] ".] The paper is therefore heavily dependent on cross-subsidisation from profitable companies within the group, including Auto Trader and the "Manchester Evening News".

"The Guardian"'s former ownership by the Scott Trust is likely a factor in its being the only British national daily to conduct (since 2003) an annual social, ethical and environmental audit in which it examines, under the scrutiny of an independent external auditor, its own behaviour as a company. [Guardian Newspapers Ltd & Scott Trust, 2005. " [http://www.guardian.co.uk/values/socialaudit Social, ethical and environmental audit, 2005] ".] It is also the only British daily national newspaper to employ an internal ombudsman (called the 'readers' editor') to handle complaints and corrections.

"The Guardian" and its parent groups participate in Project Syndicate, [cite web |url=http://www.project-syndicate.org/ |title=Project Syndicate |accessdate=2006-04-04] established by George Soros, and intervened in 1995 to save the "Mail & Guardian" in South Africa, but Guardian Media Group sold the majority of its shares in the "Mail & Guardian" in 2002.

Format and circulation

Today, "The Guardian" is one of two British national daily newspapers, the other being the "Daily Mail", to be printed in full colour, although the Northern Irish edition still has some black-and-white pages. [cite web
url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/editors/archives/2005/09/13/tuesdays_morning_conference.html
title=Tuesday's morning conference
publisher=The Guardian
date=2007-09-13
accessdate=2007-02-11] It was also the first newspaper in the UK to use the Berliner format.

History

The first edition was published on 5 May 1821, [Schoolnet n.d. " [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRguardian.htm Manchester Guardian] ."] at which time "The Guardian" was a weekly, published on Saturdays and costing 7d.; the stamp duty on newspapers (4d. per sheet) forced the price up so high that it was uneconomic to publish more frequently. When the stamp duty was cut in 1836 "The Guardian" added a Wednesday edition; with the abolition of the tax in 1855 it became a daily paper costing 2d.

In 1952 the paper took the step of printing news on the front page, replacing the adverts that had hitherto filled that space. Then-editor A. P. Wadsworth wrote: "It is not a thing I like myself, but it seems to be accepted by all the newspaper pundits that it is preferable to be in fashion."

In 1959 the paper dropped "Manchester" from its title, becoming simply "The Guardian", and in 1964 it moved to London, losing some of its regional agenda but continuing to be heavily subsidised by sales of the less intellectual but much more profitable "Manchester Evening News". The financial position remained extremely poor into the 1970s; at one time it was in merger talks with "The Times". The paper consolidated its centre-left stance during the 1970s and 1980s but was both shocked and revitalised by the launch of "The Independent" in 1986 which competed for a similar readership and provoked the entire broadsheet industry into a fight for circulation.

On 12 February 1988 "The Guardian" had a significant redesign; as well as improving the quality of its printers' ink, it also changed its masthead to the now familiar juxtaposition of an italic Garamond "The", with a bold Helvetica "Guardian", that remained in use until the 2005 redesign.

In 1992 it relaunched its features section as "G2", a tabloid-format supplement. This innovation was widely copied by the other "quality" broadsheets, and ultimately led to the rise of "compact" papers and "The Guardian"'s move to the Berliner format. In 1993 the paper declined to participate in the broadsheet 'price war' started by Rupert Murdoch's "The Times". In June 1993, "The Guardian" bought "The Observer" from Lonrho, thus gaining a serious Sunday newspaper partner with similar political views.

Its international weekly edition is now titled "The Guardian Weekly", though it retained the title "Manchester Guardian Weekly" for some years after the home edition had moved to London. It includes sections from a number of other internationally significant newspapers of a somewhat left-of-centre inclination, including "Le Monde". "The Guardian Weekly" is also linked to a website for expatriates, Guardian Abroad.

"g24" is a constantly-updated electronic newspaper available free of charge. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g24] It is downloadable as a PDF file. The contents come from "The Guardian" and its Sunday sibling "The Observer".

Moving to the Berliner paper format

In 2004, "The Guardian" announced plans to change to a "Berliner" or "midi" format similar to that used by "Die Tageszeitung" and "Le Monde" in France and many other European papers; at 470×315 mm, this is slightly larger than a traditional tabloid. Planned for the autumn of 2005, this change was either a response to, or has the same cause as, the moves by "The Independent" and "The Times" to start publishing in tabloid (or compact) format. On Thursday 1 September 2005 "The Guardian" announced that it would launch the new format on Monday 12 September 2005. [Claire Cozens, 2005-09-01. " [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1560525,00.html New-look Guardian launches on September 12] ." "The Guardian".] Sister Sunday newspaper "The Observer" went over to the same format on 8 January 2006.

The advantage that "The Guardian" saw in the Berliner format was that though it is only a little wider than a tabloid, and is thus equally easy to read on public transport, its greater height gives more flexibility in page design. The new presses mean that printing can go right across the 'gutter', the strip down the middle of the centre page, allowing the paper to print striking double page pictures. The new presses also made the paper the first UK national able to print in full colour on every page.

The format switch was accompanied by a comprehensive redesign of the paper's look. On Friday 9 September 2005 the newspaper unveiled its new look front page, which débuted on Monday 12 September 2005. Designed by Mark Porter, the new look includes a new masthead for the newspaper, its first since 1988. A typeface family called Guardian Egyptian, designed by Paul Barnes and Christian Schwartz, was created for the new design. No other typeface is used anywhere in the paperndash all stylistic variations are based on various forms of Guardian Egyptian.

The switch cost Guardian Newspapers £80 million and involved setting up new printing presses in east London and Manchester. This was because, prior to "The Guardian"'s move, no printing presses in the UK could produce newspapers in the Berliner format. There were additional complications as one of the paper's presses was part-owned by "Telegraph Newspapers" and "Express Newspapers", and it was contracted to use the plant until 2009. Another press was shared with the Guardian Media Group's north western tabloid local papers, which did not wish to switch to the Berliner format.

The new format was generally well received by "Guardian" readers, who were encouraged to provide feedback on the changes. The only controversy was over the dropping of the "Doonesbury" cartoon strip. The paper reported thousands of calls and emails complaining about its loss and within 24 hours, the decision was reversed and the strip was reinstated the following week. "G2" supplement editor Ian Katz, who was responsible for dropping it, apologised in the editors' blog saying, "I'm sorry, once again, that I made youndash and the hundreds of fellow fans who have called our helpline or mailed our comments' addressndash so cross". [ [http://www.guardian.co.uk/values/socialaudit/story/0,,1600349,00.html/ "Guardian Reborn", guardian.co.uk] .Retrieved on 2007-07-22.] Some readers are however dissatisfied as the earlier deadline needed for the all-colour sports section has meant that coverage of late-finishing evening football matches is less satisfactory than before the redesign in the editions supplied to some parts of the country.

The investment was rewarded with a circulation rise. In December 2005, the average daily sale stood at 380,693, nearly 6% higher than the figure for December 2004. [Claire Cozens, 2006-01-13. " [http://media.guardian.co.uk/circulationfigures/story/0,,1685936,00.html Telegraph sales hit all-time low] ." "The Guardian".] In 2006, the US-based Society for News Design chose "The Guardian" and Polish daily "Rzeczpospolita" as the world's best-designed newspapersndash from among 389 entries from 44 countries. [cite news |url=http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1714643,00.html |title=Guardian wins design award |author=Steve Busfield |date=February 21, 2006 |publisher=Guardian]

Supplements and features

On each weekday "The Guardian" comes with the "G2" supplement containing feature articles, columns, television and radio listings, and the quick crossword. Since the change to the Berliner format, there is a separate daily Sport section. Other regular supplements during the week include:

; Monday: "MediaGuardian"

; Tuesday: "EducationGuardian"

; Wednesday: "SocietyGuardian" (covers the British public sector and related issues)

; Thursday: "TechnologyGuardian"

; Friday: "Film & Music"

; Saturday: "The Guide" (a weekly listings magazine), "Weekend" (the colour supplement), "Review" (covers literature), "Money", "Work", "Graduate", "Travel" and "Family".

Though the main news section was in the large broadsheet format, the supplements were all in the half-sized tabloid format, with the exception of the glossy "Weekend" section which was a 290×245 mm magazine and "The Guide" which was in a small 225×145 mm format.

With the change of the main section to the Berliner format, the specialist sections are now printed as Berliner, as is a now-daily Sports section, but "G2" has moved to a "magazine-sized" demi-Berliner format. A Thursday Technology section and daily science coverage in the news section replaced Life and Online. "Weekend" and "The Guide" are still in the same small formats as before the change.

On Monday to Thursday, the supplements carry substantial quantities of recruitment advertising as well as editorial on their specialised topics.

Regular columns

* Country Diary (natural history)
* Notes & Queries
* "Whatever happened to ... " (following up a "forgotten news story" based on reader suggestions)
* The Digested Read, in which John Crace writes a 500-word satirical synopsis of a recently published book.
* Ask Hadleyndash fashion advice from Hadley Freeman
* Two wheels, a column about cycling written by Matt Seaton

Regular cartoon strips

* "If..."
* "Doonesbury"
* "Perry Bible Fellowship"
* "My Peculiar World" by Karrie Fransman (in "G2")
* "A Softer World"
* "Loomus", by Steven Appleby (Saturday, in the Family section)
* "Media Tarts" (Monday, in the Media section)
* "Clare in the Community" (Wednesday, in the Society section)
* "Home-Clubber" (Saturday, in the Guide section)
* "The Pitchers", by Berger & Wyse (Friday, in the Film and Music section). Berger & Wyse also produce a weekly cartoon for the food pages of Weekend magazine.

Editorial cartoonists Martin Rowson and Steve Bell get frequent hate mail for their treatment of controversial topics. [Martin Rowson 25 November 2005." [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1651047,00.html Drawing Fire] ."The Guardian".]

Online media

"The Guardian" and its Sunday sibling, "The Observer" publish all their news online, with free access both to current news and an archive of three million stories. A third of the site's hits are for items over a month old. [Emily Bell, 2005-10-08. " [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1587517,00.html Editor's Week] ." "The Guardian".] The website also offers a free printable A4 format PDF 24-hour newspaper, "G24" [ [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g24 "G24" e-daily page] ] ndash made up of the top storiesndash and, for a monthly subscription, the complete newspaper in PDF format. It is the second-most popular UK newspaper site [ [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/may/26/abcs.digitalmedia "Newspaper website audits come under close scrutiny", 26 May 2008] .] with more than 18.5 million users a month, compared with the top site telegraph.co.uk's 18.6 million.

"The Guardian" also has a number of talkboards that are noted for their mix of political discussion and whimsy. They were spoofed in "The Guardian" 's own regular humorous "Chatroom" column in "G2". The spoof column purported to be excerpts from a chatroom on [http://permachat.co.uk permachat.co.uk] , a real URL which points to "The Guardian"'s talkboards.

In the 'Comment is Free' section the public is invited to join in rigorous and sometimes bad-tempered debates about political issues. The section is comprised of "Guardian" columns and online pieces by other contributors, many of whom end up facing heavy criticism from readers. Notable writers who came in for criticism include:
*Radio DJ Mike Read upon declaring his support for Boris Johnson in the 2008 London Mayor election [ [http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/mike_read/2007/07/im_backing_boris.html Comment is free: I'm backing Boris ] ]
*Max Gogarty's travel blog about his trip to India and Thailand, after it was discovered that his father, Paul Gogarty, had also written travel articles for "The Guardian", raising charges of nepotism [ [http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/travelog/2008/02/skins_blog.html Max, 19, hits the road | Travelog | Guardian Unlimited ] ]

The paper has also launched a dating website, "Soulmates", [ [http://dating.guardian.co.uk/s/ Guardian "Soulmates" website] .Retrieved on 2007-08-03.] and is experimenting with new media, having previously offered a free twelve part weekly Podcast series by Ricky Gervais. [Jason Deans, 2005-12-08. " [http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,,1662771,00.html Gervais to host Radio 2 Christmas show] ." "The Guardian".] In January 2006 Gervais' show topped the iTunes podcast chart having been downloaded by two million listeners worldwide, [Media Guardian " [http://media.guardian.co.uk/mediaguardian/story/0,7558,1692472,00.html Comedy stars and radio DJs top the download charts] ." "The Guardian".] and is scheduled to be listed in the 2007 "Guinness Book of Records" as the most downloaded Podcast. [John Plunkett, 2006-02-06. " [http://media.guardian.co.uk/newmedia/story/0,,1703594,00.html] ." "The Guardian".]

GuardianFilms

In 2003, "The Guardian" started the film production company GuardianFilms, headed by journalist Maggie O'Kane. Much of the company's output is documentary made for televisionndash and it has included Salam Pax's "Baghdad Blogger" for BBC Two's daily flagship "Newsnight", some of which have been shown in compilations by "CNN International", "Sex On The Streets" and "Spiked", both made for the UK's Channel 4 television. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/guardianfilms/0,,1397496,00.html]

"GuardianFilms was born in a sleeping bag in the Burmese rainforest," wrote O'Kane in 2003. [ [http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/11-7-2003-47360.asp] ] "I was a foreign correspondent for the paper, and it had taken me weeks of negotiations, dealing with shady contacts and a lot of walking to reach the cigar-smoking Karen twinsndash the boy soldiers who were leading attacks against the country's ruling junta. After I had reached them and written a cover story for the newspaper's "G2" section, I got a call from the BBC's documentary department, which was researching a film on child soldiers. Could I give them all my contacts?

"The plight of the Karen people, who were forced into slave labour in the rainforest to build pipelines for oil companies (some of them British), was a tale of human suffering that needed to be told by any branch of the media that was interested. I handed over all the names and numbers I had, as well as details of the secret route through Thailand to get into Burma. Good girl. Afterwardsndash and not for the first timendash it seemed to me that we at "The Guardian" should be using our resources ourselves. Instead of providing contact numbers for any independent TV company prepared to get on the phone to a journalist, we should make our own films."

In popular culture

The nickname " _un. The Grauniad" for the paper originated with the satirical magazine "Private Eye". It came about because of its reputation for frequent and sometimes unintentionally amusing typographical errors, hence the popular myth that the paper once misspelled its own name on the page one masthead as " _un. The Gaurdian", though many recall the more inventive " _un. The Grauniad". The domain grauniad.co.uk is registered to the paper, and redirects to its website at guardian.co.uk.

The very first issue of the newspaper contained a number of errors, perhaps the most notable being a notification that there would soon be some goods sold at " _un. atction" instead of "auction". There are fewer typographical errors in the paper since the end of hot-metal typesettingFact|date=October 2007ndash to maintain a tradition, the daily "Corrections and clarifications" column lists even the smallest mistakes.

In fact, the paper was not more prone than other papers to misprints but because the paper was printed in Manchester, Londoners saw the first edition printed each night. National papers in Britain at this time contained large numbers of "typos" which they removed progressively as the night wore on and they were noticed. Thus a paper like The Times would have as many mistakes in the North of England as "The Guardian" did in London. However, because media opinion was set in London, only "The Guardian" got a bad reputation.

Until the founding of "The Independent", "The Guardian" was Britain's only 'serious' national daily newspaper to support centrist or centre-left politics. The term "Guardian" reader" has been used pejoratively by those who do not agree with the paperndash and self-deprecatingly by those who do.

"The Guardian"'s science coverage is extensive. The paper also appears to have moved away from covering alternative therapies. Its "Weekend" supplement featured a column by Emma Mitchell, a natural health therapist, until August 2006 and "G2" was, until the relaunch, home to Edzard Ernst's weekly column on complementary medicine (Ernst is professor of complementary medicine at the Plymouth, Devon-based Peninsula Medical School, [Sarah Boseley, 2003-09-26 " [http://education.guardian.co.uk/academicexperts/story/0,1392,1048903,00.html The alternative professor] ." "The Guardian".] ). The paper now carries the debunking "Bad Science" column [cite web
url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/badscience/
title=Bad Science
publisher=The Guardian
accessdate=2007-02-10] by Ben Goldacre which has been the source of a recent controversy over the efficacy of homeopathy.

Reader stereotype

There are many stereotypes, but perhaps the most prominent is that of the Labour-voting middle-class "Guardian" reader with centre-left/left-wing politics rooted in the 1960s, working in the public sector or academia, sometimes eating lentils and muesli, living in north London (especially Camden and Islington), wearing sandals, sometimes believing in alternative medicine and natural medicine though more often atheistic or non-religious and rational. It has been claimed that the majority of university students in the UK who read a newspaper read "The Guardian".Fact|date=August 2007 This might be illustrated by Labour MP Kevin Hughes's largely rhetorical question in the House of Commons on 19 November 2001:

"Does my Right Hon. Friend find it bizarrendash as I dondash that the yoghurt- and muesli-eating, "Guardian"-reading fraternity are only too happy to protect the human rights of people engaged in terrorist acts, but never once do they talk about the human rights of those who are affected by them?" [ [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo011119/debtext/11119-08.htm#11119-08_spnew3 Hansard 374:54 2001-11-19] .]

"The Guardian"'s cartoon strips by Posy Simmonds during the 1980s satirised the paper's stereotype reader, relating events in the life of, among others, former nurse Wendy Weber and her polytechnic sociology lecturer husband George.

The stereotype of "The Guardian" reader is a persistent feature of British political and social discourse. Doctors have used the "doctor slang" acronym "GROLIES" (Guardian Reader Of Low Intelligence in Ethnic Skirt) on patient notes. ["BBC News", 2003-08-18. " [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3159813.stm Doctor slang is a dying art] ."] The stereotype is occasionally referenced self-deprecatingly by "Guardian" readers in the newspaper's letters page, such as opening a response to a surprising claim in a recent article with "I nearly choked on my muesli" or some variation on that phrase. [ [http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2003/oct/03/guardianletters Letters to the Editor, "The Guardian", 3 October 2003] ] [ [http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2004/jan/21/guardiansocietysupplement4 Letters page, Society section, "The Guardian", 21 January 2004] ] The soubriquet often applied to readers of the paper or adherents to its political viewpoint is "Guardianista", perhaps used most notably by the right-wing columnist Richard Littlejohn.

April Fool content

"The Guardian", along with other British news outlets, has a tradition of spoof articles on April Fool's Day, sometimes contributed by regular advertisers such as BMW. The most elaborate of these was a travel supplement on San Serriffe, whilst an article in "The Guardian" dated 1 April 2006 written by one Olaf Priol suggested that Chris Martin of Coldplay would be supporting the Conservatives at the next General Election and had already written a campaign song for them. Olaf Priol is an anagram of April Fool.

References in fiction

* In the play "Hobson's Choice" Henry Horatio Hobson worries that his reputation will be in tatters after 'trespassing'. He comments that if the news were to be intercepted by "The Manchester Guardian" then everyone would know.
* Political comedy Yes Minister mocked "The Guardian" several times. In the fourth episode of Yes Minister series 3 (1982), a conversation about a priceless antique vase goes:: Annie Hacker: "A friend of mine was very interested in it".": Bernard Woolley: "Hmm?": Annie: "Her name's Jenny Goodwin from "The Guardian".": Bernard: "The Guardian"!": Annie: "Yes.": Bernard: "A journalist.": Annie: "Yes, well, "The Guardian" anyway..."
* The 1984 Christmas special of "Yes Minister" shows a number of newspapers tipping Jim Hacker as the next Prime Minister including "The Guardian" misspelled as " _un. The Gaurdian" in the header. In Episode 6 a group of pro-badger protesters tell Jim Hacker that "The Guardian" told them the area they are fighting to save has been inhabited by badgers for generations. In fact Hacker points out jokingly the "bodgers" have lived there for "generators", satirising "The Guardian"'s reputation for spelling errors.
* In Episode 4 of the second series of "Yes, Prime Minister", Jim Hacker says:: "I know exactly who reads the papers: "The Daily Mirror" is read by people who "think they run" the country; "The Guardian" is read by people who think "they ought to run" the country; "The Times" is read by people who "actually do run" the country; "The Daily Mail" is read by "the wives" of the people who run the country; "The Financial Times" is read by people who "own" the country; "The Morning Star" is read by people who think the country ought to be run by "another country"; and "The Daily Telegraph" is read by people who think "it is".": Sir Humphrey: "Prime Minister, what about the people who read "The Sun"?": Bernard Woolley: "Sun" readers don't care who runs the country, as long as she's got big tits."
* In the "Young Ones" episode "Boring," Rick eagerly notes that "The Guardian" has an article on how to get an increased student grant. Unfortunately the paper has totally mangled the spelling of a key part of it, leaving Rick with no idea how to get the increased grant. Worse still, the misspelling happens to sound the same as a Satanic chant, so that when Neil repeats what Rick read out loud he accidentally summons a demon who tries to kill everyone there.
* In "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", an entire planet goes into hibernation to wait out a galactic recession, only reviving themselves when the stock market reaches a satisfactorily high level for their needs. "Arthur Dent, a regular Guardian reader, was deeply shocked by this", adding later about space: "There's so much of it, and so little in it, it sometimes reminds me of "The Observer".
*In the Sandy Duncan episode in the first season of "The Muppet Show", Statler demonstrates his extreme age by using the pre-1959 name:: Waldorf: "Statler, do you 'get' the banana sketch?": Statler: "No, I get "The New York Times" and "The Manchester Guardian"."
* In the 2006 film "American Dreamz", the US president played by Dennis Quaid is known for not reading the papers, until he starts reading "The Guardian".
* In the film, "The Bourne Ultimatum", Jason Bourne (Matt Damon) is mentioned in an article published in "The Guardian" and a reporter working for the newspaper itself plays a key role in the film.
* In the Season Six episode of "The West Wing" (2004) entitled "The Wake Up Call", Assistant White House Press Secretary Annabeth Schott, portrayed by Kristen Chenowith, responds to a reporter quoting a damning allegation by "The Guardian", stating "Well, the British papers can be a little dodgy".

Awards

Received

"The Guardian" has been awarded the "National Newspaper of the Year" in 1999 and 2006 by the British Press Awards, as well as being co-winner of the "World's Best-designed Newspaper" as awarded by the Society for News Design (2006). The "guardian.co.uk" website won the Best Newspaper category three years running in 2005, 2006 and 2007 Webby Awards, beating (in 2005) the "New York Times", the "Washington Post", "The Wall Street Journal" and "Variety". [The Webby Awards, 2005. " [http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/current.php#webby_entry_newspaper 9th Annual Webby Awards nominations and winners] ."] It has been the winner for six years in a row of the British Press Awards for Best Electronic Daily Newspaper. [cite web |url=http://www.newspaperawards.co.uk/default.htm |title=The 2006 Newspaper Awards |accessdate=2006-05-29] The site won an "Eppy" award from the US-based magazine "Editor & Publisher" in 2000 for the best-designed newspaper online service. [Eppy Awards, 2000. " [http://royal.reliaserve.com/eppy/winners2000.html Winners] ."] The website is known for its commentary on sporting events, particularly its over-by-over cricket commentary.

In 2007 the newspaper was ranked first in a study on transparency which analysed 25 mainstream English-language media vehicles, and which was conducted by the International Center for Media and the Public Agenda of the University of Maryland. [cite web |url=http://www.icmpa.umd.edu/pages/studies/transparency/main.html |title=Openness & Accountability: A Study of Transparency in Global Media Outlets|accessdate=2008-06-19 |work= |date=] It scored 3.8 out of a possible 4.0.

Given

"The Guardian" is the sponsor of two major literary awards: The Guardian First Book Award, established in 1999 as a successor to the Guardian Fiction Award which had run since 1965, and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, founded in 1967. In recent years it has also sponsored the Hay Festival in Hay-on-Wye.

The annual Guardian Student Media Awards, founded in 1999, recognise excellence in journalism and design of British university and college student newspapers, magazines and websites.

In memory of Paul Foot, who died in 2004, "The Guardian" and "Private Eye" jointly set up the "Paul Foot Award", with an annual £10,000 prize fund, for investigative or campaigning journalism. [ [http://www.midaspr.co.uk/press_office.asp?CatID=22 The Paul Foot Award for campaigning journalism] ]

Editors

* John Edward Taylor (1821–1844)
* Jeremiah Garnett (1844–1861) (jointly with Russell Scott Taylor in 1847–1848)
* Edward Taylor (1861–1872)
* Charles Prestwich Scott (1872–1929)
* Ted Scott (1929–1932)
* William Percival Crozier (1932–1944)
* Alfred Powell Wadsworth (1944–1956)
* Alastair Hetherington (1956–1975)
* Peter Preston (1975–1995)
* Alan Rusbridger (1995–present)

Notable regular contributors (past and present)

The Newsroom archive

"The Guardian" and its sister newspaper "The Observer" also provide "The Newsroom", a visitor centre in London. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/newsroom] It contains their archives, including bound copies of old editions, a photographic library and other items such as diaries, letters and notebooks. This material may be consulted by members of the public. The Newsroom also mounts temporary exhibitions and runs an educational programme for schools. There is also an extensive "Manchester Guardian" archive at the University of Manchester's John Rylands Library and there is a collaboration programme between the two archives. The British Library also has a large archive of "The Manchester Guardian", available in online, hard copy, microform, and CD-ROM in their [http://www.bl.uk/collections/newspapers.html British Library Newspapers] collection.

In November 2007 "The Guardian" and "The Observer" made their archives available over the internet via [http://archive.guardian.co.uk/ DigitalArchive] . The current extent of the archives available are 1821 to 1975 for "The Guardian" and 1900 to 1975 for "The Observer". However, these archives are to be expanded in the future.

See also

* Online newspaper
* Broadcast journalism
* Internet radio
* Internet television

References

External links

* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/ "guardian.co.uk"]
* [http://www.gmgplc.co.uk "Guardian Media Group website"]
* [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRguardian.htm Founding of the Manchester Guardian]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/newsroom Information about The Newsroom Archive and Visitor Centre]
* [http://media.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4777964-105414,00.html "Media Guardian": How the broadsheets brightened up]

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