W. E. B. Du Bois

W. E. B. Du Bois

Infobox Writer
name = W. E. B. Du Bois



caption = W. E. B. Du Bois, in 1918
birthdate = birth date|1868|2|23
birthplace = Great Barrington, Massachusetts, USA
deathdate = death date and age|1963|8|27|1868|2|23
deathplace = Accra, Ghana
occupation = Academic, Scholar, Activist
movement =
influences = Booker T. Washington, Karl Marx
influenced = Bayard Rustin, Cornel West
spouse = Shirley Graham Du Bois

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (pronEng|duːˈbɔɪz)cite web |url=http://www.duboisweb.org/ |title=Du Bois - How to Spell It, How to Say It |accessdate=2007-11-13 |work=W. E. B. Du Bois Global Resource Collection |publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group |quote=My name is pronounced in the clear English fashion: Du with u as in Sue; Bois, as oi in voice. The accent is on the second syllable. ] (February 23, 1868ndash August 27, 1963) was an American civil rights activist, public intellectual, Pan-Africanist, sociologist, educator, historian, writer, editor, poet, and scholar. He became a naturalized citizen of Ghana in 1963 at the age of 95.

David Levering Lewis, a biographer, wrote, "In the course of his long, turbulent career, W. E. B. Du Bois attempted virtually every possible solution to the problem of twentieth-century racismscholarship, propaganda, integration, national self-determination, human rights, cultural and economic separatism, politics, international communism, expatriation, third world solidarity." ["W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century 1919-1963"]

Early life

Family history

William Edward Burghart Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868 at Church Street in Great Barrington, at the south-western edge of Massachusetts, to Alfred Du Bois and Mary Silvina Burghardt Du Bois. Du Bois was born and grew up in the overwhelmingly white town of Barrington, Massachusetts. Mary Silvina's family was part of the very small, free black population of Great Barrington. They descended from a West African born man named Tom who served as a private for Captain John Spoor's company in 1780, a service which likely won him his freedom. According to Du Bois several of his maternal ancestors were notably involved in regional history. Alfred Du Bois' family were free people of color of French Huguenot origins descended from Dr. James Du Bois of Poughkeepsie, New York. Dr. Du Bois' family was rewarded extensive lands in the Bahamas for their support of King George III. On Long Cay, Bahamas James Du Bois sired several children with slave mistresses, he brought two of his sons, John and Alexander, with him when he returned to New York in 1812 to be educated in Connecticut. When he died unexpectedly his sons were disowned by his family and forced to give up schooling for labor. Alexander became a merchant in New Haven and married Sarah Marsh Lewis with whom he had several children. Alexander went to Haiti in the 1830s to try and salvage his inheritance, there Alfred was born by 1833. Alexander returned to New Haven without the boy and his mother. It is unknown how Alfred and Mary Silvina met but on February 5, 1867 they were married in Housatonic, Massachusetts. Alfred had deserted Mary by the time Du Bois was two. Du Bois was very close to his mother Mary. When Du Bois was young, Mary suffered a stroke which left her unable to work, and the two of them moved frequently. They survived on money from family members and Du Bois' after-school jobs. Du Bois wanted to help his mother as much as possible and believed he could improve their lives through education. Some of the neighborhood whites noticed him, and one allowed Du Bois and his mother to rent a house from him in Great Barrington.

While living there, Du Bois performed chores and worked odd jobs. Du Bois did not feel differently because of his skin color while he was in school. In fact, the only times he felt out of place were when out-of-towners would visit Great Barrington. One such incident occurred when a white girl who was new in school refused to take one of his fake calling cards during a game; the girl told him she would not accept it because he was black. Du Bois then realized that there would always be some kind of barrier between whites and others. ["The Souls of Black Folk", pg.2]

Young Du Bois may have been an outsider because of his status, being poor, not having a father and being extremely intellectual for his age; however, he was very comfortable academically. Many around him recognized his intelligence and encouraged him to further his education with classical academic courses while in high school. His academic success led him to believe that he could use his knowledge to empower African Americans. [Moore, Jaqueline (2003). "M. Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois, and the Struggle for Racial Uplift". Wilmington: Scholarly Resources.]

University education

Du Bois was awarded a degree from Fisk University in 1888. During the summer following graduation from Fisk, Du Bois managed the Fisk Glee Club. The club was employed at a grand luxury summer resort on Lake Minnetonka in suburban Minneapolis, Minnesota. The resort was a favorite spot for vacationing wealthy American Southerners and European royalty. Du Bois and the other club members doubled as waiters and kitchen workers at the hotel. [A play about Du Bois' summer of 1888 in Minnesota was written and performed in 2002 in St. Paul, Minnesota, titled "Summer in the Shadows", (2002) by Kim Hines. See http://www.illusiontheater.org/season/archives/index.asp?sid=145&id=36&p=8.] Observing the drinking, rude and crude behavior and sexual promiscuity of the rich white guests of the hotel left a deep impression on the young Du Bois. [James Neyland, "W. E. B. Du Bois", p. 60 (Melrose Square Publishing Company, June 1993) ISBN-10: 0870675885]

Du Bois entered Harvard College in the fall of 1888, having received a $250 scholarship. He earned a bachelor's degree "cum laude" from Harvard in 1890. In 1892, he received a stipend to attend the University of Berlin. While a student in Berlin, he traveled extensively throughout Europe. He came of age intellectually while studying with some of the most prominent social scientists in the German capital, such as Gustav von Schmoller.

In 1895, Du Bois became the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University. After teaching at Wilberforce University in Ohio, he worked at the University of Pennsylvania. He taught while undertaking field research for his study "The Philadelphia Negro". Next he moved to Georgia, where he established the department of sociology at Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta University).

Du Bois was awarded an honorary doctoral degree from a university in Prague, Czechoslovakia. The degree was conferred on October 23, 1958 and his honorary dissertation was entitled "The Negro and Communism". [http://foia.fbi.gov/dubois/dubois5.pdf]

Writing

Du Bois wrote many books, including three major autobiographies. Among his most significant works are "The Philadelphia Negro" (1899), "The Souls of Black Folk" (1903), "John Brown" (1909), "Black Reconstruction" (1935), and "Black Folk, Then and Now" (1939). His book "The Negro" (1915) influenced the work of several pioneer Africanist scholars, such as Drusilla Dunjee Houston [cite web
url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/H/HO038.html
title=HOUSTON, DRUSILLA DUNJEE (1876-1941)
accessdate=2008-05-18
accessmonthday= |accessdaymonth= |accessyear=
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] and William Leo Hansberry. [ [http://www.africawithin.com/hansberry/hansberry_profile.htm Biographical Profile of William Leo Hansberry ] ] [ [http://www.africawithin.com/hansberry/wlhansberry.htm William Leo Hansberry ] ]

In the "New York Times" review of "The Souls of Black Folk", the anonymous book reviewer writes, "For it is the Jim Crow car, and the fact that he may not smoke a cigar and drink a cup of tea with the white man in the South, that most galls William E. Burghardt Du Bois of the Atlanta College for Negroes."cite news | title=The Negro Question: Essays and Sketches Touching Upon It by a Colored Writer | work=New York Times | date=April 25, 1903 | page=BR7 | url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9C04E2DE1F30E733A25756C2A9629C946297D6CF] A hint at the level of prejudice and prevailing social estrangement of the times is evident at the conclusion of the review.

...it is the thought of a negro of Northern education who has lived long among his brethren of the South yet who can not fully feel the meaning of some things which these brethren know by instinct — and which the Southern-bred white knows by a similar instinct: certain things which are by both accepted as facts — not theories — fundamental attitudes of race to race which are the product of conditions extending over centuries, as are the somewhat parallel attitudes of the gentry to the peasantry in other countries.

In 1940, at Atlanta University, Du Bois founded "Phylon" magazine. In 1946, he wrote "The World and Africa: An Inquiry Into the Part that Africa has Played in World History". In 1945, he helped organize the historic Fifth Pan-African Conference in Manchester, England. [ [http://authors.aalbc.com/dubois.htm Dr. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois ] ]

While prominent white scholars denied African-American cultural, political and social relevance to American history and civic life, in his epic work "Reconstruction", Du Bois documented how black people were central figures in the American Civil War and Reconstruction. He demonstrated the ways Black emancipation — the crux of Reconstruction — promoted a radical restructuring of United States society, as well as how and why the country turned its back on human rights for African Americans in the aftermath of Reconstruction. [ [http://web.archive.org/web/20031212083153/http://www.brechtforum.org/janmar2003/2-5c2.htm Untitled Document ] ] This theme was taken up later and expanded by Eric Foner and Leon F. Litwack, the two leading contemporary scholars of the Reconstruction era.

In total, Du Bois wrote 22 books, including five novels, and helped establish four journals.

Criminology

Du Bois began writing about crime in 1897, shortly after receiving his Ph.D. from Harvard (Zuckerman, 2004, p. 2). His first work involving crime, "A Program of Social Reform", was shortly followed by a second, "The Study of the Negro Problems" (Du Bois, 1897; Du Bois, 1898). The first work that involved in-depth criminological study and theorizing was "The Philadelphia Negro", in which a large section of the sociological study was devoted to analysis of the black criminal population in Philadelphia (Du Bois, 1899).

Du Bois (1899) sets forth three significant parts to his criminology theory. The first major part is that Negro crime is caused by the strain of the 'social revolution' experienced by black Americans as they began to adapt to their newfound freedom and position in the nation. This theory is very similar to Durkheim's (1893) Anomie theory, but applied specifically to the newly freed Negro. Du Bois (1900a, p. 3) credits Emancipation with causing the boom in crime in the black population. He explains "the appearance of crime among the southern Negroes is a symptom of wrong social conditions- of a stress of life greater than a large part of the community can bear" (Du Bois, 1901b, p. 745) . He distinguishes between the strains on southern Negroes and those on northern Negroes because the problems of city life in the North were very different from those of the Southern rural sharecropper.

Du Bois' (1904a) theory's second major part is that black crime declined as the African-American population moved towards a more equal status. This idea, referred to later as "stratification", is strikingly similar to Merton's (1968) structure-strain theory of deviance. In "The Philadelphia Negro" and later statistical studies, Du Bois found direct correlations between levels of employment, education, and criminal activity.

The final part of the theory is that the Talented Tenth or the "exceptional men" of the black race would be the ones to lead the race and save it from its criminal problems (Du Bois, 1903, p. 33). Du Bois sees the evolution of a class system within black American society as necessary to carry out the improvements necessary to reduce crime.(Du Bois, 1903). He sets forth a number of solutions to crime that this Talented Tenth must endeavor to enact (Du Bois, 1903, p. 2).

He is perhaps the first criminologist to combine historical fact with social change, and used the combination to postulate his theories. He credited the crime increase after the Civil War to the "increased complexity of life", competition for jobs in industry, and the mass exodus from the farmland and immigration to the cities (Du Bois, 1899). Du Bois (1899, p. 64) states in "The Philadelphia Negro":

"Naturally then, if men are suddenly transported from one environment to another, the result is lack of harmony with the new conditions; lack of harmony with the new physical surroundings leading to disease and death or modification of physique; lack of harmony with social surroundings leading to crime."

Civil rights activism

Du Bois was the most prominent intellectual leader and political activist on behalf of African Americans in the first half of the twentieth century. A contemporary of Booker T. Washington, the two carried on a dialogue about segregation and political disfranchisement. He was labeled "The Father of Pan-Africanism."

Along with Booker T. Washington, he partly organized the "Negro exhibition" at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris, where photos, taken by Frances Benjamin Johnston of Hampton Institute's black students were displayed. Anne Maxell, "Montrer l'Autre: Franz Boas et les soeurs Gerhard", in "Zoos humains. De la Vénus hottentote aux reality shows", Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard, Gilles Boëtsch, Eric Deroo, Sandrine Lemaire, edition La Découverte (2002), p.331-339, in part. p.338 ] The exhibition aimed at showing Afro-Americans' positive contributions to American society.

In 1905, Du Bois, along with Minnesota attorney Fredrick L. McGhee [See Paul D. Nelson and David Levering Lewis, "Fredrick L. McGhee: A Life on the Color Line, 1861-1912" (Minnesota Historical Society 2002).] and others, helped to found the Niagara Movement with William Monroe Trotter. The Movement championed, among other things, freedom of speech and criticism, the recognition of the highest and best human training as the monopoly of no caste or race, full male suffrage, a belief in the dignity of labor, and a united effort to realize such ideals under sound leadership.

The alliance between Du Bois and Trotter was, however, short-lived, as they had a dispute over whether or not white people should be included in the organization and in the struggle for Civil Rights. Du Bois felt that they should, and with a group of like-minded supporters, he helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.

In 1910, he left his teaching post at Atlanta University to work as Publications Director at the NAACP full-time. He wrote weekly columns in many newspapers, including the "Chicago Defender", the "Pittsburgh Courier" and the "New York Amsterdam News", three African-American newspapers, and also the Hearst-owned "San Francisco Chronicle".

For 25 years, Du Bois worked as Editor-in-Chief of the NAACP publication, "The Crisis", which then included the subtitle "A Record of the Darker Races." He commented freely and widely on current events and set the agenda for the fledgling NAACP. Its circulation soared from 1,000 in 1910 to more than 100,000 by 1920. [The Baltimore Sun, June 8, 1997, "A New and Changed NAACP Magazine"]

Du Bois published Harlem Renaissance writers Langston Hughes and Jean Toomer. As a repository of black thought, the "Crisis" was initially a monopoly, David Levering Lewis observed. In 1913, Du Bois wrote "The Star of Ethiopia", a historical pageant, to promote African-American history and civil rights.

Du Bois thought blacks should seek higher education, preferably liberal arts. He also believed blacks should challenge and question whites on all grounds, but Washington believed assimilating and fitting into the "American" culture was the best way for Blacks to move up in society. While Washington stated that he did not receive any racist insults until his later years, Du Bois said Blacks have a "Double-Conscious" mind in which they have to know when to act "White" and when to act "Black". Booker T. Washington believed that teaching was a duty, but Du Bois believed it was a calling.

Du Bois became increasingly estranged from Walter Francis White, the executive secretary of the NAACP, and began to question the organization's opposition to racial segregation at all costs. Du Bois thought that this policy, while generally sound, undermined those black institutions that did exist, which Du Bois thought should be defended and improved rather than attacked as inferior. , Du Bois left the magazine to return to teaching at Atlanta University.

During the 1920s, Du Bois engaged in a bitter feud with Marcus Garvey. One of the key points of disagreement was whether African Americans could ever be assimilated as equals into American society (the view held by Du Bois) or whether African Americans would always be treated as second-class citizens (Garvey's position). Their dispute was bitter and it descended to personal attacks, sometimes based on skin color. Du Bois wrote that "Garvey is, without doubt, the most dangerous enemy of the Negro race in America and in the world. He is either a lunatic or a traitor." [Dubois, "A Lunatic or a Traitor", "The Crisis", Vol. 28 (May 1924), pp. 8-9.] Garvey described Du Bois as "purely and simply a white man's nigger" and "a little Dutch, a little French, a little Negro ... a mulatto ... a monstrosity." [Colin Grant, "Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey and His Dream of Mother Africa", Oxford University Press, 2008.]

Du Bois was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha, a fraternity with a civil rights focus, and the first intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity established by African Americans.

American Historical Association

In 1909, W. E. B. Du Bois addressed the American Historical Association (AHA). According to David Levering Lewis, "His would be the first and last appearance of an African American on the program until 1940." [http://silverdialogues.fas.nyu.edu/docs/CP/301/leveringlewis.pdf]

In a review of the second book in Lewis's biographies of Du Bois, Michael R. Winston observed that, in understanding American history, one must question "how black Americans developed the psychological stamina and collective social capacity to cope with the sophisticated system of racial domination that white Americans had anchored deeply in law and custom."November 5, 2000, The Washington Post]

Winston continued, "Although any reasonable answer is extraordinarily complex, no adequate one can ignore the man (Du Bois) whose genius was for 70 years at the intellectual epicenter of the struggle to destroy white supremacy as public policy and social fact in the United States."

Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany

Du Bois became impressed by the growing strength of Imperial Japan following the Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War. Du Bois saw the victory of Japan over Tsarist Russia as an example of "colored pride".

Hikida Yasuichi ran Japan's "Negro Propaganda Operations." After traveling to the United States to speak with students at Howard University, Scripps College and Tuskegee University, he became closely involved in shaping Du Bois' opinions of Imperial Japan. In 1936, Hikida and the Japanese Ambassador arranged a junket for Du Bois and a small group of fellow academics. [cite book
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] The trip included stops in Japan, China, and the Soviet Union, although the Soviet leg was canceled because Du Bois' diplomatic contact there, Karl Radek, had been swept up in Stalin's purges. While on the Chinese leg of the trip, Du Bois commented that the source of Chinese-Japanese enmity was China's "submission to white aggression and Japan's resistance", and he asked the Chinese people to welcome the Japanese as liberators. Du Bois joined a large group of African-American academics that cited the Mukden Incident to justify Japan's occupation and annexation of the formerly European-held southern Manchuria.

During 1936 Du Bois also visited Nazi Germany. He later noted that he received more respect from German academics than he had from white colleagues at American universities. On his return to the United States, he voiced his ambivalence toward the regime. He expressed his admiration for the manner in which the Nazis had improved the German economy but also his horror at their treatment of the Jews, which he described as "an attack on civilization, comparable only to such horrors as the Spanish Inquisition and the African slave trade". [Ishmael Reed, " [http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/vls/170/reed.shtml Eminent Contrarian] ", "Voice Literary Supplement", October-November 2000.] These experiences made him an ardent supporter of the Zionist movement.fact|date=August 2008

On scientific racism and eugenics

Du Bois was an outspoken opponent of the scientific racism of his day. [Derryn E. Moten. Racial Integrity or 'Race Suicide': Virginia's Eugenic Movement, W. E. B. Du Bois, and the Work of Walter A. Plecker. "Negro History Bulletin", April-September 1999.] Along with cultural anthropologist Franz Boas, Du Bois argued extensively against the then prevalent notion that African-Americans were biologically inferior to whites. Du Bois issued his critiques in the pages of "Crisis" magazine, and in head-to head debates with advocates of a biological basis for white superiority. [Matthew Pratt Guterl. "The Color of Race in America, 1900-1940". 2001Harvard University Press.] [Carl N. Degler. "In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought". (New York: Oxford University), 1991.] [Carol M. Taylor W.E.B. DuBois's Challenge to Scientific Racism. "Journal of Black Studies". Vol. 11, No. 4 (Jun., 1981):449-460.] [Laura Doyle. "Bordering on the Body: The Racial Matrix of Modern Fiction and Culture." (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1994), 10.] [Julia E. Liss. Diasporic Identities: The Science and Politics of Race in the Work of Franz Boas and W. E. B. Du Bois, 1894-1919. "Cultural Anthropology". Vol. 13 Issue 2 Page 127 May 1998.]

Although fervently opposed to scientific justifications for racism, including opposition to the eugenics experiments at Cold Spring Harbor, Du Bois did appeal to some of the eugenic notions of his day with regards to his message of uplift for African-Americans, including an advocacy of the use of birth control to further the breeding of what he saw (following his notion of a "talented tenth") as the most gifted members of the African-American race. This notion has been described as elitist rather than racist. [Daylanne English. "Unnatural Selections: Eugenics in American Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance". Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.] [David Levering Lewis. "W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919" (Owl Books 1994).]

In 1904, Du Bois argued that "the Negro races are from every physical standpoint full and normally developed men [who] show absolutely no variation from the European type sufficient to base any theory of essential human difference upon." [W. E. B. Du Bois, “Heredity and the Public Schools,” in Aptheker, "Pamphlets and Leaflets", 50.]

Writing in 1910, Du Bois challenged the eugenicist notions of superior races and deleterious effects of racial mixing and lent his support to intermarriage, while upholding the idea that gradations existed "within" all races: “I believe that there are human stocks with whom it is physically unwise to intermarry, but to think that these stocks are all colored or that there are no such white stocks is unscientific and false.” [W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Marrying of Black Folk,” The Independent 69 (October 13, 1910): 812-813; reprinted in Herbert Aptheker, ed., Writings by W. E. B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others vol. 2 (1910-1934), (Kraus-Thomson Organization Limited, 1982), 33.]

In 1932, Du Bois contributed an essay on birth control to Margaret Sanger’s "Birth Control Review". In the article, he accepted the conventional eugenic wisdom that “the more intelligent class” exercised birth control, which meant that “the increase among Negroes, even more than the increase among whites, is from that part of the population least intelligent and fit, and least able to rear their children properly.” He intoned that African Americans “must learn that among human races and groups, as among vegetables, quality and not mere quantity really counts.” [ W. E. B. Du Bois, “Black Folk and Birth Control,” "Birth Control Review" 16 (June 1932): 166-167.]

Later life

Communist Party

Du Bois was one of a number of African-American leaders investigated by the FBI, which claimed in May 1942 that "his writing indicates him to be a socialist," and that he "has been called a Communist and at the same time criticized by the Communist Party." [cite book|last=Du Bois |first=W. E. B |editor=Gates, Henry Loius and Oliver, Terri Hume|title=The Souls of Black Folk|origyear=1903|edition=New|date=19 |year=1999|month=04|publisher=W. W. Norton|location=New York City|isbn=039397393X] Du Bois visited Communist China during the Great Leap Forward. Also, in the March 16, 1953 issue of "The National Guardian", Du Bois wrote "Joseph Stalin was a great man; few other men of the 20th century approach his stature." [http://www.mltranslations.org/Miscellaneous/DuBoisJVS.htm]

Du Bois was chairman of the Peace Information Center at the start of the Korean War. He was among the signers of the Stockholm Peace Pledge, which opposed the use of nuclear weapons. In 1950, at the age of 82, he ran for the U.S. Senate on the American Labor Party ticket in New York and received 4 percent of the vote. Although he lost, Du Bois remained committed to the progressive labor cause. Du Bois was questioned before HUAC about his alleged communist sympathies. In 1958, he joined Trotskyists, ex-Communists and independent radicals in proposing the creation of a united left-wing coalition to challenge for seats in elections for the New York state senate and assembly.

He was indicted in the United States under the Foreign Agents Registration Act and acquitted for lack of evidence. In 1959, Du Bois received the Lenin Peace Prize. In 1961, at the age of 93, he joined the Communist Party USA, at a time past its peak of appeal to most people on the Left.

Death

Du Bois was invited to Ghana in 1961 by President Kwame Nkrumah to direct the "Encyclopedia Africana", a government production, and a long-held dream of his. When, in 1963, he was refused a new U.S. passport, he and his wife, Shirley Graham Du Bois, became citizens of Ghana. Contrary to some opinions (including David Levering Lewis's Pulitzer Prize winning biography of Du Bois), he never renounced his US citizenship, even when denied a passport to travel to Ghana. Du Bois' health had declined in 1962, and on August 27, 1963, he died in Accra, Ghana at the age of ninety-five, one day before Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech.cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=W. E. B. Du Bois Dies in Ghana; Negro Leader and Author, 95 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0223.html |quote=W. E. B. Du Bois, the American Negro philosopher and writer, who settled in Ghana a few years ago, died last night, the Government announced. He was 95 years old. |publisher=New York Times |date=August 28, 1963 |accessdate=2007-07-21 ] At the March on Washington, Roy Wilkins informed the hundreds of thousands of marchers and called for a moment of silence. [cite news |first=Herbert |last=Aptheker |authorlink=Herbert Aptheker |title=On Du Bois's move to Africa - W.E.B. Du Bois |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1132/is_n7_v45/ai_14693264 |work=Monthly Review |date=December 1993 |accessdate=2008-01-25 ]

Pronunciation and spelling of Du Bois

Du Bois' name is sometimes misspelled "DuBois," "du Bois," or "duBois"; the correct spelling separates the two syllables and capitalizes each. [cite web |url=http://www.duboisweb.org/ |title=Du Bois - How to Spell It, How to Say It |accessdate=2007-11-13 |work=W. E. B. Du Bois Global Resource Collection |publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group ]

Although the name is of French origin, Du Bois himself it IPA| [duːˈbɔɪz] instead of the French IPA| [dybwa] .

Works published

Du Bois wrote and published over 4,000 articles, essays and books over the course of the 95-year life. Most of these are out of print and hard to find even in their original publications. No edition of his complete works has yet been published. In 1977, Paul G. Partington published a bibliography of Du Bois' published works, titled "W. E. B. Du Bois: A Bibliography of His Published Writings". (Whittier, CA: c.1977, 1979 (rev. ed.)) (privately published). ISBN 0960253815. A supplement was published in 1984, titled "W. E. B. Du Bois: A Bibliography of His Published Writings—Supplement". (Whittier, CA: c. 1984). 20pages. The supplement represented Partington's research in the Du Bois' papers owned by the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Books

* "Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880" by W. E. Burghardt Du Bois, with introduction by Du Bois biographer David Levering Lewis. 768 pages. (Free Press: 1995 reissued from 1935 original) ISBN 0684856573. This is the longest work by Du Bois.
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/7/0/17700/17700-h/17700-h.htm "The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America: 1638–1870" PhD dissertation, 1896, (Harvard Historical Studies, Longmans, Green, and Co.: New York) Full Text]
* "The Study of the Negro Problems" (1898)
* "The Philadelphia Negro" (1899)
* "The Negro in Business" (1899)
* "The Evolution of Negro Leadership". "The Dial", 31 (July 16, 1901).
* cite book
title=The Souls of Black Folk |origyear=1903 |year=1999 |id=ISBN 0-393-97393-X

* "The Talented Tenth," second chapter of "The Negro Problem", a collection of articles by African Americans (September 1903).
* "Voice of the Negro II" (September 1905)
* "John Brown: A Biography" (1909)
* "Efforts for Social Betterment among Negro Americans" (1909)
* "Atlanta University's Studies of the Negro Problem" (1897-1910)
* "The Quest of the Silver Fleece" 1911
* "The Negro" (1915)
* "Darkwater" (1920)
* "The Gift of Black Folk" (1924)
* "Dark Princess: A Romance" (1928)
* "Africa, its Geography, People and Products" (1930)
* "Africa: Its Place in Modern History" (1930)
* "Black Reconstruction: An Essay toward a History of the Part which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880" (1935)
* "What the Negro has Done for the United States and Texas" (1936)
* "Black Folk, Then and Now" (1939)
* "Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept" (1940)
* "Color and Democracy: Colonies and Peace" (1945)
* "The Encyclopedia of the Negro" (1946)
* "The World and Africa" (1946)
* "Peace is Dangerous" (1951)
* "I take my stand for Peace" (1951)
* "In Battle for Peace" (1952)
* "The Black Flame: A Trilogy"
* "The Ordeal of Mansart" (1957)
* "Mansart Builds a School" (1959)
* "Africa in Battle Against Colonialism, Racialism, Imperialism" (1960)
* "Worlds of Color" (1961)
* "An ABC of Color: Selections from Over a Half Century of the Writings of W. E. B. Du Bois" (1963)
* "The World and Africa, An Inquiry into the Part Which Africa has Played in World History" (1965)
* "The Autobiography of W. E. Burghardt Du Bois" (International publishers, 1968)

Articles

* [http://gutenberg.readingroo.ms/etext04/conra10.txt "The American Negro Academy Occasional Papers", 1897, No. 2 "The Conservation Of Races" full text]

Published as

* "Writings: The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade, The Souls of Black Folk, Dusk of Dawn" (Nathan I. Huggins, ed.) (Library of America, 1986) ISBN 978-0-94045033-2

Bibliography

* David Levering Lewis "W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919" (Owl Books 1994). Winner of the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Biography [http://www.pulitzer.org/cgi-bin/catquery.cgi?type=w&category=Biography+or+Autobiography&FormsButton5=Retrieve] and winner also of the 1994 Bancroft Prize and the Francis Parkman Prize for historical research and writing.
* David Levering Lewis "W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century 1919-1963" (Owl Books 2001). Covers the second half of the life of W. E. B. Du Bois, charting 44 years of the culture and politics of race in the United States. Winner of the 2001 Pulitzer Prize for Biography [http://www.pulitzer.org/year/2001/biography-or-autobiography/]
*Eugene Victor Wolfenstein, "A Gift of the Spirit: Reading THE SOULS OF BLACK FOLK", NY: Cornell University Press, 2007.
* His Was The Voice, The Life of W. E. B. Du Bois by Emma Gelders Sterne, Foreword by Ronald Stevenson; Crowell-Collier Press, NY, 1971; 232pp.
*W. E. B. Du Bois by Sarah Ann McGill
*The W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington Debate:Effects upon African American Roles in Engineering and Engineering Technology. by Keith Johnson and Elwood Watson, Journal of Technology Studies, Fall 2004
* William Edward Burghardt-Historian, Social Critic, Activist by Brown, Theodore M., Fee, and Elizabeth; American Journal of Public Health, Feb 2003

Legacy

In 1992, the United States Postal Service honored W. E. B. Du Bois with his portrait on a postage stamp.

On October 5, 1994, the main library at the University of Massachusetts Amherst was named after him.

A dormitory is named after Du Bois at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was employed while conducting field research for his sociological study, "The Philadelphia Negro".

[http://authors.aalbc.com/africana.htm "Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African-American Experience"] (New York: Basic-Civitas, 1999, Hardcover, 2144 pp. ISBN 0-465-00071-1) was inspired by and dedicated to W. E. B. Du Bois by its editors Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates, Jr.

ee also

* African American literature
* Double Consciousness
* W. E. B. Du Bois Institute
* List of African American philosophers

References

Further reading

* "W. E. B. Du Bois, American Prophet". Edward J. Blum. 2007.
* "W. E. B. Du Bois Between Worlds: Berlin, Empirical Social Research, and the Race Question." Barrington S. Edwards. "Du Bois Review" 3:2 (September 2006): 395-424.
* "W. E. B. Du Bois Horizon: Documenting Movements of the Color Line." Susanna M. Ashton. "MELUS (Multi-Ethnic Literatures of the United States)" 26.4 (Winter 2002): 3-23.
* "Reconsidering The Souls of Black Folk". Stanley Crouch and Playthell Benjamin. Running Press, Philadelphia, PA. 2002.
*"The Oxford W. E. B. Du Bois Reader". Eric J. Sundquist, ed. Oxford University Press. 1996
* "Black and Red: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963". Gerald Horne. State University of New York Press. 1986.
* "The Art and Imagination of W. E. B. Du Bois". Arnold Rampersad. Harvard University Press. 1976.
* "Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915: Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington". August Meier. University of Michigan Press. 1963.
* "W. E. B. Du Bois: Propagandist of the Negro Protest". Elliott M. Rudwick. New York: Atheneum. 1960.
* "W. E. B. Du Bois: Negro Leader in a Time of Crisis". Francis L. Broderick. Stanford University Press. 1959.
* "The Souls of Black Folk: One Hundred Years Later". Dolan Hubbard, ed. University of Missouri Press. 2003.
* "The Professor and the Pupil: The Politics and Friendship of W.E.B. Du Bois and Paul Robeson". Murali Balaji, Nation Books, 2007.
* "The Socialist Analysis of W.E.B. Du Bois". W D Wright, Ann Arbor, MI.: University Microfilms Intl' 1985.

External links

* [http://www.goldenvoice.biz/ Golden Voices Audio Sample of "The Souls of Black Folk"]
* [http://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/exhibits/dubois/intro.htm University Massachusetts Amherst Website]
* [http://www.duboisweb.org/chronology.html Du Bois Lifetime Chronology]
* [http://www.naacp.org/about/history/dubois/ NAACP Website Entry on Du Bois]
* [http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-905 W.E.B. Du Bois in Georgia /New Georgia Encyclopedia]
* [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=81210 Poems by W. E. B. Du Bois at PoetryFoundation.org]
* [http://www.sociosite.net/topics/sociologists.php#DUBOIS Online articles by Du Bois]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9031291/W-E-B-Du-Bois Encyclopaedia Britannica, W. E. B. Du Bois]
* [http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-905 W. E. B. Du Bois in Georgia]
* [http://www.DuBoislc.org/html/DuBoisBio.html "A Biographical Sketch of W. E. B. Du Bois" by Gerald C. Hynes]
* [http://www.bolender.com/Sociological%20Theory/DuBois,%20W.%20E.%20B/DuBois,_w__e__b_.htm Review materials for studying W. E. B. Du Bois]
* [http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/dubois.htm FBI File of William E. B. Du Bois]
* [http://members.tripod.com/~DuBois/bsia.html The W. E. B. Du Bois Virtual University]
* [http://www.wfu.edu/~caron/ssrs/Dorr.rtf "Fighting Fire with Fire: African Americans and Hereditarian Thinking, 1900-1942"]
* [http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/1148.htm "The Talented Tenth"]
* [http://www.skipmason.com/hm/hm22.htm W. E. B. Du Bois and Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity]
*
* [http://authors.aalbc.com/dubois.htm W. E. B. Du Bois] (African American Literature Book Club) by Runoko Rashidi
* [http://www.newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0103&s= W. E. B Du Bois: a Biography in Four Voices]
* [http://www.aaregistry.com/detail.php?id=75 African American Registry -- Your Source for African American History] Retrieved 2008-05-19
* [http://afroamhistory.about.com/cs/webdubois/a/bio_dubois.htm W.E.B. Du Bois - Profile of W.E.B. Du Bois] Retrieved 2008-05-19


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