Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island

Infobox Settlement
official_name = Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island
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settlement_type = Village
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pushpin_map_caption =Location of Borden-Carleton in Prince Edward Island
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subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_name = Canada
subdivision_type1 = Province
subdivision_name1 = PEI
subdivision_type2 = County
subdivision_name2 = Prince
subdivision_type3 = Parish
subdivision_name3 = St. David's
subdivision_type4 = Township
subdivision_name4 = Lot 28
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established_title = Founded
established_date = April 12, 1995
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population_total = 798
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latd= 46.25433
longd= -63.68757
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area_code = 902
blank_name = Telephone Exchange
blank_info = 437
blank_name = NTS Map
blank_info = 011L05
blank1_name = GNBC Code
blank1_info = BAALI
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Borden-Carleton is a Canadian village located on the south shore of Prince Edward Island, fronting on the Northumberland Strait.

The village was created through a merger on April 12, 1995 of the original port town of Borden (an incorporated town) and the farming community of Carleton. The town of Borden opted to demote its status to a village in light of a declining tax base with the pending completion of the fixed link project and the closure of the Marine Atlantic ferry service.

History

Borden traces its history to Prince Edward Island's requirements for transportation to mainland North America whereas Carleton was a surrounding farming community to the north and west of the port.

Borden's development is related to the fall of fortunes for another nearby community during the First World War. A winter iceboat service crossed the Abegweit Passage between nearby Cape Traverse to Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick for many decades during the 1800s and early 1900s. The Prince Edward Island Railway built a line from its mainline near Emerald Junction to the Cape Traverse wharf to facilitate this traffic in the 1880s.

By the 20th century, the federal government began to face the reality of an unreliable winter iceboat service, which existed primarily due to the Dominion having failed to meet its obligation to provide "continuous steamship service" under the Prince Edward Island Terms of Union, when the province entered Confederation in 1873. As a result, the federal government announced in 1912 that it had commissioned the construction of a custom-designed railcar ferry, the SS "Prince Edward Island" at a shipyard in Newcastle, England.

The new ferry, to be operated by Canadian Government Railways (later merged into the Canadian National Railways system), was to operate from a new year-round port to be built at Carleton Point, several kilometres west of Cape Traverse; the harbour at Cape Traverse having been deemed unsuitable for a deep draught vessel due to siltation and the need for continuous dredging, despite being the most direct point on Prince Edward Island opposite Cape Tormentine.

The SS "Prince Edward Island" arrived in the Northumberland Strait in 1915 during the early years of the war but the port at Carleton Point had not been constructed, so the vessel operated in year-round service out of Charlottetown and Georgetown from 1915 until the port at Carleton Point was ready.

Meanwhile, the construction of the port and a modification of the Prince Edward Island Railway line between Emerald Junction to Cape Traverse required large amounts of equipment on land and water, as well as labourers. Some prisoners of war from the Central Powers that Canada and the Allies had jailed in the Maritimes were used in the railway construction, while the ferry pier and dock at Carleton Point was built using a large gantry constructed from Douglas Fir to sling armoured stone and pre-cast concrete caissons delivered by barge - some of which was salvaged from an abandoned wharf at nearby Tidnish, Nova Scotia for a marine railway that had been abandoned in the 1880s.

The new port was commissioned in early 1917 when the SS "Prince Edward Island" began regular service from the new pier, carrying railway freight and passenger cars; she recorded 506 crossings to Cape Tormentine in that first year alone. The winter of 1917 saw a spectacular sight as dozens of houses and buildings that had been constructed in the port of Cape Traverse to the east were moved by horse and sleigh across the winter sea ice along the coast to the new port at Carleton Point. When the extension of the railway line to the new ferry port was completed, the remnant of the line running to Cape Traverse was abandoned.

In 1919 the community was incorporated as the town of Borden, taking its name from Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden, whose government was responsible for the decision to locate the ferry terminal at Carleton Point. The area outside of Borden remained with the community name of Carleton.

Borden, or Port Borden, as it was frequently called, grew with the increased use of the ferry system. After the SS "Prince Edward Island" was modified by CNR in the 1920s to accept automobiles in addition to rail cars (after PEI legalized the use of automobiles), roads connecting to the port were improved.

In 1932 another vessel, the SS "Charlottetown", joined the SS "Prince Edward Island" in handling the increased rail and road traffic using the ferry service. Most workers for CNR's ferry and railway yard in Borden lived in the town. After the loss of the SS "Charlottetown" in 1942, the now-elderly SS "Prince Edward Island" remained the only dedicated vessel on the ferry service through the remainder of the Second World War, aside from brief relief service by the SS "Scotia" or SS "Scotia II" from the Strait of Canso railcar ferry service.

In 1947, the QSMV "Abegweit" entered service and carried the ferry system through the 1950s but was quickly overwhelmed by the increase in automobile traffic, in addition to the constant rail traffic. The completion of the Trans-Canada Highway across PEI and the neighbouring Maritime provinces in the early 1960s saw Borden host a new automobile-only ferry, the MV "Confederation", which was built in 1962. During the late 1960s, automobile traffic saw record growth. In 1968, CN stopped operating passenger trains on PEI, switching the service over to buses, and the ferry terminals and parking lots at Borden and Cape Tormentine were redesigned by CN to accommodate more cars and trucks; in Borden's case, part of its rail yard was used for this purpose, with the yard being redesigned in light of declining rail traffic and resulting in the town's original passenger station being demolished.

Throughout the 20th century, and even the latter 19th century before a ferry service was instituted, there had been discussions by various politicians about replacing the ferry service with a permanent crossing. Early proposals envisioned a railway tunnel under the Northumberland Strait but these evolved by the causeway-building craze of the 1950s (coupled with the development of the Trans-Canada Highway) into designs incorporating a causeway and tunnel beneath a navigation channel to carry rail and road traffic. Discussions and proposals were timed around federal elections and work on the land-based approach roads in New Brunswick and PEI for one proposal was actually undertaken in 1965 before all talk of a permanent crossing was shelved in light of scientific recommendations against a causeway (for navigation and environmental reasons). The federal government instead opted to expand the capacity of the existing ferry system.

The late 1960s saw a temporary relief vessel, the MV "Lucy Maude Montgomery", enter service for several years, along with a much larger and mor powerful icebreaking railcar ferry, the MV "John Hamilton Gray", which entered service in 1968, retiring the SS "Prince Edward Island" after a record 51 years of service. New docks were constructed and more permanent vessels for the ferry service were ordered. In 1971 the sister ships MV "Holiday Island" and MV "Vacationland" entered service, and Borden processed record traffic on its ferry system in the lead-up to PEI's centennial year in 1973, after which the MV "Confederation" and MV "Lucy Maude Montgomery" were reassigned to other services and left Borden permanently.

In 1977, CN reorganized its ferry services in eastern Canada under a separate operating company named CN Marine; the new company immediately ordered a newly designed ferry to replace the MV "Abegweit", which reached 30 years service that year. The new vessel, originally named MV "Straitway" but renamed MV "Abegweit" (after the original Abegweit was renamed MV "Abby" prior to being retired), entered service in 1982 and was the largest capacity ferry vessel to operate from Borden.

In 1986 CN Marine was renamed Marine Atlantic, to remove all traces of its link to the railway company. At the same time, discussion of a permanent crossing (a "Fixed Link" to the mainland) was revived by the federal government after it received several unsolicited proposals. CN abandoned all of its railway lines in PEI effective December 31, 1989 with the MV "John Hamilton Gray" hauling the last locomotives and cars off the Island on December 28. With the closure of the railway and abandonment of the yard, the western side of Borden became an industrial brownfield during the early 1990s.

In 1992 it was announced that the Northumberland Strait Crossing Project, or the "Fixed Link", would be built and a Calgary company, Strait Crossing Incorporated (SCI) had been selected as the developer. SCI secured the use of the old Borden Elementary School (which had been replaced several years earlier by the Amherst Cove Consolidated School on the northern edge of town) and undertook drill core sampling for bridge pier locations through 1993. In 1994 a farm property on Amherst Head, immediately east of Borden, was purchased and a staging facility was constructed for building massive bridge components on shore. A large pier was built into the harbour to accommodate a heavy lift marine crane which would carry the components into the Northumberland Strait to be installed. Throughout the 1994-1996 period, Borden's local economy grew at an unprecedented rate with the influx of over 5,000 workers in the town of 800.

Confederation Bridge Project

The project was named Confederation Bridge and upon its opening on June 1, 1997, the ferry service closed after 70 years of daily operation; the vessels were transferred to other services or sold off and the ferry wharves, terminals and other shore-based facilities were decommissioned and dismantled.

After the completion of the Confederation Bridge, Borden's economy shrank as the influx of workers left the town and province and as some of the laid-off or retired ferry workers moved away. The federal government provided "Fixed Link Adjustment Funds" which saw the development of a tourist shopping complex on the property of the former railway yard, which is now named "Gateway Village".

The adjustment funding also paid for the expansion of the town's industrial park to accommodate new manufacturing interests and today the majority of Borden residents are employed in local manufacturing or service industries or in the tourism sector. Major employers include McCain Foods (french fry plant opened in 1992 in the north end of Carleton on the border with Albany), Master Packaging (subsidiary of J.D. Irving Limited), a beef slaughterhouse (operated by Co-Op Atlantic), and Transcontinental Printing (division of Transcontinental Media).

There is an ongoing effort by government to find a new use for the Amherst Head staging facility now abandoned by SCI since the completion of the Confederation Bridge construction project.

References

External links

* [http://www.gov.pe.ca/placefinder/index.php3?city=Borden-Carleton Government of PEI Profile]
* [http://ca.epodunk.com/profiles/prince-edward-island/borden-carleton/2000272.html Epodunk Canada Profile]
* [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1103005&Geo2=PR&Code2=11&Data=Count&SearchText=Borden-Carleton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=11&B1=All&Custom= Borden-Carleton Statistics]