Shy Albatross

Shy Albatross
Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Procellariiformes
Family:	Diomedeidae
Genus:	Thalassarche
Species:	T. cauta
Binomial name
Thalassarche cauta (Gould, 1841)[2]

Over pelagic waters off the south east coast of Tasmania

The Shy Albatross or Shy Mollymawk, Thalassarche cauta, is a medium sized albatross that breeds off Australia and New Zealand's sub-Antarctic islands and ranges extensively across the Southern Ocean. Some authorities call this species the White-capped Albatross.^[3]

Taxonomy

This mollymawk was once considered to be the same species as the Salvin's Albatross, Thalassarche salvini and the Chatham Albatross, Thalassarche eremita, but they were split around 2004. In 1998, Robertson and Nunn, suggested a four-way split including the White-capped Albatross, Thalassarche steadi.^[4] The three-way split was accepted by Brooke in 2004,^[5] the ACAP in 2006,^[6] SACC in 2008,^[7][8][9] and BirdLife International by 2000.^[10] James Clements seems to be the last major holdout on the three-way split.^[11] The fourth split, steadi, was only accepted by the ACAP in 2006,^[6] and BirdLife International in 2008.^[10] Finally, following Brooke, this species was shifted from Diomedea to Thalassarche, which was generally agreed upon by most experts.

Mollymawks are a type of Albatross that belong to Diomedeidae family and come from the Procellariiformes order, along with Shearwaters, Fulmars, Storm-petrels, and Diving-petrels. They share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns. Although the nostrils on the Albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between 7 and 9 horny plates. Finally, they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.^[12] They also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. It excretes a high saline solution from their nose.^[13]

Description

The Shy Albatross measures 90 to 100 centimetres (35–39 in) in length, 210–260 cm (83–100 in) in wingspan,^[14] and 2.6 to 5.3 kg (5.7 to 12 lb) in weight. Alongside its similarly-sized sister species, the Salvin's Albatross, this species is considered the largest of the "mollymawks" or the small albatrosses.^[15][16] It is a black white and slate-grey bird with the characteristic black thumb mark at the base of the leading edge of the underwing. Adults have a white forehead and a crown, which is bordered on the bottom with a dark eyebrow and pale-grey face. Its mantle, tail, and upperwing are grey-black, and the rest is white. Its bill is grey-yellow with a prominent yellow culmen and yellow tip.^[17]

Behavior

Shy albatross frequently follow fishing boats

Feeding

The Shy Albatross feeds by a combination surface-seizing and some pursuit diving - it has been recorded diving as deep as 5 m (16 ft). Fish, cephalapods, crustacea, and tunicates are the subsistence for this species.^[18]

Reproduction

The Shy Albatross breeds on rocky islands and build a mounded nest of soil, grass, and roots. They lay one egg in the second half of September.^[5]

Range and habitat

Breeding Population and Trends^[17]

Location	Population	Date	Trend
Albatross Island	5,017 pair	2007	Increasing 3% per yr
Mewstone	7,258 — 7,458 pair	1996
Pedra Branca	268 pair	1996	Decreasing 10% per yr
Total	26,000	2007	Unknown

The Shy Albatross is endemic to Australia and it breeds on three island colonies; Albatross Island, Pedra Branca, and the Mewstone.^[19] During the breeding season, adults concentrate around southern Australia and Tasmania.^{[20][21][22][23]} Juvenile birds are known to fly as far as South Africa;^[22][23] otherwise, non-breeding birds can be found throughout the southern oceans, but specifics are hard due to their similarity to the other species.^[6][24] It is sometimes found off the Pacific coast of the United States.

Conservation

The IUCN classifies this species as Near Threatened,^[1] with an occurrence range of 23,900,000 km² (9,200,000 sq mi). The population from an estimate in 2007 is 25,500 breeding birds with 5,100 pairs on Albatross Island, 270 pairs on Pedra Branca, and 7,380 on the Mewstone.^[17] Historically, they were exploited for their feathers and by 1909, there were only 300 pairs left on Albatross Island.^[5][25]

Today, longline fishing still impacts this species but their numbers are maintaining through this threat.^[23] They also have had an avian pox outbreak on Albatross Island that has impacted their numbers slightly.^[26] Finally, the Australasian Gannet, Morus serrator is the primary threat to their survival.^[6]

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b} BirdLife International (2008)
2. ^ Brands, S. (2008)
3. ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2008)(a)
4. ^ Robertson, C. J. R. & Nunn, G. B. (1998)
5. ^ ^{a b c} Brooke, M (2004)
6. ^ ^{a b c d} ACAP (2006)
7. ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2004)
8. ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2005)
9. ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2008)
10. ^ ^{a b} BirdLife International (2008)(b)
11. ^ Clements, J. (2007)
12. ^ Double, M. C. (2003)
13. ^ Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
14. ^ Dunn, Jon L. & Alderfer, Jonathan (2006)
15. ^ [1] (2011).
16. ^ Brooke, Michael, Albatrosses and Petrels across the World (Bird Families of the World). Oxford University Press (2004), ISBN 978-0198501251
17. ^ ^{a b c} BirdLife International (2008)(a)
18. ^ Hedd, A. & Gales, R. (2001)
19. ^ Brothers, Nigel (2001). Tasmania's Offshore Islands: seabirds and other natural features. Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. ISBN 072464816X. 
20. ^ Hedd, A., et al. (2001)(a)
21. ^ Garnett, S. T. & Crowley, G. M. (2000)
22. ^ ^{a b} BirdLife International (2004)
23. ^ ^{a b c} Baker, G. B., et al. (2007)
24. ^ Double, M. C. , et al.(2003)
25. ^ Johnstone, G. W., et al. (1975)
26. ^ Woods, R. & Gales, R. (2008)

References

• "ACAP species assessments, Shy Albatross." (pdf). ACAP. 2007. http://www.acap.aq/en/species_assessments/Shy_Albatross_ACAP_Species_Assessments.pdf. Retrieved 20 Feb 2008. ^{[dead link]}
• Alsop III, Fred J.(2001). Smithsonian Birds of North America. Dorling Kindersley ISBN 0-7894-8001-8
• Baker, G. B.; Double, M. C.; Gales, R.; Tuck, G. N.; Abbott, C. L.; Ryan, P. G.; Petersen, S. L.; Robertson, C. J. R. et al. (2007). "A global assessment of the impact of fisheries-related mortality on Shy and White-capped Albatrosses: conservation implications". Biological Conservation (137): 319–333. 
• BirdLife International (PDF) Tracking ocean wanderers the global distribution of albatrosses and petrels. Global Procellariiform Tracking Workshop, 1–5 September 2003, Gordon’s Bay, South Africa. Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International. 2004. ISBN 0-946888-55-8. http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/seabirds/tracking_ocean_wanderers.pdf. 
• BirdLife International (2008). Thalassarche cauta. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 18 Feb 2009.
• BirdLife International (2008(a)). "Bartlett's Tinamou - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=38&m=0. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009. 
• "The BirdLife checklist of the birds of the world, with conservation status and taxonomic sources." (xls). 2008(b). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/downloads/BirdLife_Checklist_Version_1.zip. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009. ^{[dead link]}
• Brands, Sheila (Aug 14 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Diomedea subg. Thalassogeron -". Project: The Taxonomicon. http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/101907.htm. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009. 
• Brooke, M. (2004) "Procellariidae" Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-850125-0 
• Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6 ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978 0 8014 4501 9. 
• Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J. et al.. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111. ISBN 0 7876 5784 0. 
• Double, M. C.; Gales, R.; Reid, T.; Brothers, N.; Abbott, C. L. (2003). "Morphometric comparison of Australian shy and New Zealand white-capped albatrosses". Emu (103): 287–294. 
• Dunn, Jon L.; Alderfer, Jonathon (2006). "Albatrosses". In Levitt, Barbara. National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America (fifth ed.). Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. p. 80. ISBN 978 0 7922 5314 3. 
• Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0 671 65989 8. 
• Garnett, S. T.; Crowley, G. M. (2000) The action plan for Australian birds 2000 Canberra, Australia: Environment Australia 
• Hedd, A.; Gales, R.; Brothers, N. (2001). "Foraging ecology of Shy Albatrosses". Marine Ecology Progress Series (221): 267–282. 
• Hedd, A.; Gales, R.; Brothers, N. (2001(a)). "Foraging strategies of Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta breeding at Albatross Island, Tasmania, Australia". Marine Ecology Progress Series (224): 267–282. 
• Johnstone, G. W.; Dorwood, D. F. (1975). "The White-capped Albatross of Albatross Island: numbers and breeding behaviour". Emu (75): 1–11. 
• Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (Dec 2004). "Proposal #155 to South American Check-list Committee: Split Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta into two or three species". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop155.html. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009. 
• Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (Feb 2005). "PROPOSAL (#166) TO SOUTH AMERICAN CLASSIFICATION COMMITTEE: RE-LUMP THALASSARCHE EREMITA AND THALASSARCHE SALVINI WITH THALASSARCHE CAUTA". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop166.html. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009. 
• Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (28 Feb 2008). "Proposal (#255) to South American Classification Committee : Follow-up to Proposal 155: Split Thalassarche cauta into three species". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop255.html. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009. 
• Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (28 Feb 2008). "A classification of the bird species of South America : South American Classification Committee American Ornithologists' Union". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009. 
• Robertson, C. J. R.; Nunn, G. B. (1998). "Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses". In Robertson, G.; Gales, R.. Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp. 13–19. 
• Woods, R. & Gales, R. (2008), in litt.