Abdul Salam Arif

Abdul Salam Arif Aljumaily عبد السلام محمد عارف الجميلي
President of Iraq
In office 8 February 1963 – 13 April 1966
Prime Minister	Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Tahir Yahya Arif Abd ar-Razzaq Abd ar-Rahman al-Bazzaz
Preceded by	Muhammad Najib ar-Ruba'i
Succeeded by	Abdul Rahman Arif
Personal details
Born	1921 Baghdad, British Mandate of Mesopotamia
Died	April 13, 1966 Iraq
Nationality	Iraqi
Political party	Arab Socialist Union
Religion	Sunni Islam
Military service
Allegiance	Iraq
Service/branch	Iraqi Army
Rank	Colonel
Battles/wars	1958 Iraqi coup Egyptian Revolution of 1952 Suez War

Abdul Salam Mohammed Arif Aljumaily (Arabic: عبد السلام محمد عارف الجميلي‎`Abd as-Salām `Ārif Al-jumaili) (1921 — April 13, 1966) was President of Iraq from 1963 till his death. He played a leading role in the coup in which the Hashemite monarchy was overthrown on July 14, 1958.

1958 revolution and conflict with Qasim

Along with Abdel Karim Qasim and other Iraqi military officers, Arif was a member of the clandestine organization, the Free Officers of Iraq. During the summer of 1958, Prime Minister Nuri as-Said ordered Iraqi troops under Arif to aid Jordan, as part of an agreement of the Arab Federation. Instead, however, he led his army units into Baghdad and on July 14 launched a coup against the Hashemite regime. Qasim formed a government under the newly-proclaimed republic and Arif, his chief aide, was appointed deputy prime minister, interior minister, and deputy commander-in-chief of the armed forces.^[1]

Almost immediately however, tensions rose between the pan-Arabist Arif and Iraqi nationalist Qasim who also had the support of the Iraqi Communist Party. The former supported a union with the United Arab Republic (UAR)—composed of Egypt and Syria—under president Gamal Abdel Nasser, but the latter opposed merging with the UAR. As a result, the two leaders engaged in a power struggle, ending in Qasim prevailing and the removal of Arif from his positions on September 12. He was appointed the low-ranking post of ambassador to Bonn. Arif refused to take up the post and upon returning to Baghdad on November 4, he was promptly arrested for plotting against the state. He was sentenced to death along with Rashid Ali al-Gaylani in February 1959.^[1] Qasim had him released in November 1961.^[2]

President of Iraq

Qasim was overthrown on February 8, 1963, by a coalition of Ba'athists, army units, and other pan-Arabist groups. Arif had previously been selected as the figurehead of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council and after the coup he was elected president of Iraq due to his popularity.^[2] Qasim pleaded with Arif to be exiled instead of executed and reminded Arif that he had commuted his death sentence two years before. Nonetheless, Arif demanded that Qasim swear to the Qur'an that it was he, Arif, who had been the real leader of the 1958 coup. Qasim refused and was consequently executed.^[3]

Although he was chosen as president, more power was held by the Ba'athist prime minister, Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr. Following a Ba'athist-led coup in Syria in March 1963, Arif entered his country into reunification talks with Syria and Egypt (which had split from the UAR in 1961). After a fallout with Nasser in July, the Ba'athist government of Iraq removed all non-Ba'athist members from the cabinet, despite Arif's support for Nasser.^[2] On November 18, Arif, with the support of disaffected elements in the military, took advantage of a split between the Ba'ath—which weakened the party—and ousted their members from the government. Arif formed a new cabinet, retaining a few Ba'athists, but mostly made up of Nasserist army officers and technocrats. He maintained his presidency and appointed himself chief-of-staff. A month later he handed the latter post to his brother General Abdul Rahman Arif, and the premiership to his confidant Lieutenant-General Tahir Yahya.^[4] In the fall of 1964, the Ba'ath attempted to depose Arif, but failed when their plot was unveiled. Arif had the conspirators, including Saddam Hussein, arrested.^[5]

On May 26, 1964, Arif established the Joint Presidency Council with Egypt. On July 14, the anniversary of the revolution, he declared the establishment of the Arab Socialist Union (ASU) of Iraq, commending it as the "threshold of the building of the unity of the Arab nation under Arab socialism." It was nearly identical in structure the ASU of Egypt and like in Egypt, many of the Arab nationalist parties were dissolved and absorbed by the ASU.^[4] Also, all banks and over thirty major Iraqi businesses were nationalized. Arif undertook these measures in an effort to bring Iraq closer with Egypt to help foster unity and on December 20, plans for union were announced. Despite this, in July 1965, the Nasserist ministers resigned from the Iraqi cabinet.^[6] President Arif played a major role in Iraq construction and developing its infrastructure.^[7]

On April 13, 1966, Arif was killed in the crash of Royal Iraqi Air Force de Havilland DH.104 Dove 1, RF392, in southern Iraq, and was replaced as president by his brother Abdul Rahman. ^[8][6] Reports at the time said Arif had died in a helicopter accident.

Family

On December 13, 2004, Arif's daughter, Sana Abdul Salam, and her husband, Wamith Abdul Razzak Said Alkadiry, were shot dead in their home in Baghdad by unknown assailants. Rafal Alkadiry, their 22-year-old son, was kidnapped.^[9]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Ismael, Ismael, and Abu Jaber, 1991, pp.158-159.
2. ^ ^{a b c} Ismael, Ismael, and Abu Jaber, 1991, p.163.
3. ^ Ajami, 2006, pp. 185-186.
4. ^ ^{a b} Ismael, Ismael, and Abu Jaber, 1991, pp. 164-165.
5. ^ Reich, 1990, p. 241.
6. ^ ^{a b} Ismael, Ismael, and Abu Jaber, 1991, p. 166.
7. ^ Tripp, Charles. A History of Iraq, p. 177.
8. ^ http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=73473
9. ^ Iraqi voter registration site attacked CNN. 2004-12-18.

Bibliography

• Ajami, Fouad (2006), The foreigner's gift: the Americans, the Arabs, and the Iraqis in Iraq, University Press of Florida, ISBN 0-7432-3667-X 
• Ismael, Tareq Y.; Ismael, Jacqueline S.; Abu Jaber, Kamal (1991), Politics and government in the Middle East and North Africa, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-8130-1043-8, http://books.google.com/?id=jXKTSQrTLO8C&pg=PA163&dq=Abd+al+Salam+Aref&q=Abd%20al%20Salam%20Aref 
• Reich, Bernard (1990), Political leaders of the contemporary Middle East and North Africa: a biographical dictionary, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-26213-6 

Political offices
Preceded by Muhammad Najib ar-Ruba'i	President of Iraq February 8, 1963 – April 13, 1966	Succeeded by Abd ar-Rahman al-Bazzaz

Persondata
Name	Arif, Abdul Salam
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1921
Place of birth	Baghdad
Date of death	April 13, 1966
Place of death	Iraq