RK-55

RK-55 Granat (NATO reporting name: SSC-X-4 'Slingshot') S-10 Granat (SS-N-21 'Sampson')
RK-55 Transporter-Erector-Launcher
Type	surface/sub-launched nuclear cruise missile
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1984
Used by	Russia
Production history
Manufacturer	Novator
Specifications
Weight	1,700 kg (3,750 lb)
Length	809 cm (26 ft 7 in)
Diameter	51 cm (20.1 in)
Warhead	Nuclear, single warhead
Warhead weight	200 kt[2]
Engine	Solid-propellant rocket booster + R-95-300 turbofan
Wingspan	310 cm (122.0 in)
Operational range	3,000 km (1,600 nmi)[1]
Speed	720 km/h (447.4 mph)
Guidance system	Sprut inertial + TERCOM
Launch platform	TEL; Akula class submarine, Sierra II, Victor III, Yankee Notch, Yasen class submarine

The Yankee Notch submarine carried up to forty S-10's in tubes behind the sail

The Novator RK-55 Granat (Russian: РК-55 Гранат 'Garnet'; NATO:SSC-X-4 'Slingshot'; GRAU:3K10) was a Soviet land-based cruise missile with a nuclear warhead. It was about to enter service in 1987 when such weapons were banned under the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. A version launched from submarine torpedo tubes, the S-10 Granat (SS-N-21 'Sampson';GRAU:3M10), has apparently been converted to carry conventional warheads and continues in service to this day.

The RK-55 is very similar to the air-launched Kh-55 (AS-15 'Kent') but the Kh-55 has a drop-down turbofan engine^[3] and was designed by MKB Raduga. Both have formed the basis of post-Cold-War missiles, in particular the 3M-54 Klub (SS-N-27 'Sizzler') which has a supersonic approach phase.^[4]

Development

In the late 1960s, the "Ekho" study conducted by the GosNIIAS institute concluded that it would be more effective to deploy lots of small, subsonic cruise missiles than the much more expensive supersonic missiles then in favour.^[5] In 1971 Raduga began working on the air-launched Kh-55, which first flew in 1976.^[3] That same year,^[4] OKB-52 (Chelomei) was tasked with the development of a new missile to replace the P-70 Ametist (SS-N-7 'Starbright') and P-120 Malakhit (SS-N-9 'Siren'), and began work under the name P-1000 Vulkan ('Vulcan').^[6] Later NPO Novator would work on the submarine- and ground-launched versions;

Land-based trials began in July 1982,^[6] and the first submarine launch was from an Echo II on 22 December 1983.^[6]

In 1993 Novator exhibited the 3M14/3M54 Klub (SS-N-27 'Sizzler'), which appears to be based on the RK-55.^[4] It is a two-stage design, which goes supersonic during its final approach to the target.

Design

Six RK-55 missiles are carried on an eight-wheeled transporter-erector-launcher (TEL) based on the MAZ 543 launcher of the R-17 (SS-1 'Scud B').^[7]

The S-10 is launched through 533 mm torpedo tubes.

Operational history

The sub-launched variant became operational in 1984^[6] and was formally accepted into service by the Politburo on 18 December 1987.^[6] Fewer than 100 SS-N-21s had been deployed by the end of 1988.^[1] The new Akula class submarine, launched in September 1986, was the first class to receive the new missile.^[6] It was later fitted to the Sierra I/II class and eight Victor III's and the new Yasen class submarines.^[6]

The Yankee Notch deployed in 1988^[1] is a design of particular note, replacing the missile launchers on a ballistic submarine with tubes dedicated to large numbers of cruise missiles. They were probably nuclear-tipped RK-55's during the Cold War, and then converted to use conventional warheads for land attack^[6] after the START I treaty restricted sub-launched nuclear cruise missiles. The US Navy has done the same on a grander scale with the SSGN conversions of four Ohio class submarines. It has been suggested that RK-55's could in future be fitted to converted Delta class submarines, or to surface ships, but these have not been confirmed.^[4]

The ground-launched variant was subject to the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty signed in December 1987 and had been tested but not deployed by that time.^[8] 80 missiles had been destroyed by November 1990.^[9]

Variants

• RK-55 (SSC-X-4 'Slingshot') - ground-based version
• S-10 or RK-55 (SS-N-21 'Sampson') - submarine-launched version

Conventional unitary High Explosive (HE) warhead and submunition warhead versions of the RK-55 have probably been developed, to justify the continuing service of the submarines that carry them.^[4]

Similar weapons

• Raduga Kh-55 - originally thought in the West to be an air-launched version of the RK-55, now has tactical versions such as the Kh-555 and the somewhat stealthy Kh-101.
• UGM-109 Tomahawk - the Capsule Launch System allows Tomahawks to be fired from torpedo tubes or dedicated submarine launch tubes
• Ground Launched Cruise Missile (BGM-109G Gryphon) - land-based Tomahawk with tactical nuclear warhead of 10-50 kt and 2000–2500 km range
• Pershing 1B - 740 km range ballistic missile also in testing at the time of the INF Treaty

Notes and references

1. ^ ^{a b c} Norris, Cochran et al. (1989), SIPRI Yearbook 1989: World Armaments and Disarmament, p. 21, http://docs.nrdc.org/nuclear/files/nuc_89010101a_86.pdf 
2. ^ SIPRI (1989) p16
3. ^ ^{a b} "Kh-55 (AS-15 'Kent'/Kh-555/RKV-500/Kh-65)", Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems, 2009-09-09, http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jsws/jsws0485.html, retrieved 2009-02-04 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} "RK-55 Granat (SS-N-21 'Sampson'/3M10)", Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems, 2008-09-10, http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jsws/jsws0477.html, retrieved 2009-02-04 
5. ^ "Kh-55/RKV-500A, Kh-55SM/RKV-500B, Kh-555 and Kh-65SE (AS-15 'Kent')", Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 2008-08-01, http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw2922.html, retrieved 2009-02-06 
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} "SS-N-21 'Sampson' (P-1000 3M70 Vulkan/3M10 Granat)", Jane's Naval Weapon Systems, 2009-01-08, http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jnws/jnws0154.html, retrieved 2009-02-04 
7. ^ "RK-55 (SSC-X-4 'Slingshot' and 3K10 Granat)", Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems, 2008-09-12, http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/RK-55-SSC-X4-Slingshot-and-3K10-Granat-Russian-Federation.html, retrieved 2009-02-04 
8. ^ Thomson, David B. (July 1999), A Guide to the Nuclear Arms Control Treaties LA-UR-99-3173, Los Alamos National Laboratory, p. 131, http://www.lanl.gov/history/hbombon/pdf/00416713.pdf 
9. ^ Thomson (1999)p127

External links