Magnesium oxide

Magnesium oxide
IUPAC name Magnesium oxide
Other names Magnesia Periclase
Identifiers
CAS number	1309-48-4 Y
PubChem	14792
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1200572 N
RTECS number	OM3850000
ATC code	A02AA02
Properties
Molecular formula	MgO
Molar mass	40.3044 g/mol
Appearance	White powder
Odor	Odorless
Density	3.58 g/cm3
Melting point	2852 °C, 3125 K, 5166 °F
Boiling point	3600 °C, 3873 K, 6512 °F
Solubility in water	0.086 g/L[2]
Solubility	Soluble in acid, ammonia insoluble in alcohol
Band gap	7.8 eV [1]
Refractive index (nD)	1.736
Structure
Crystal structure	Halite (cubic), cF8
Space group	Fm3m, No. 225
Coordination geometry	Octahedral (Mg2+); octahedral (O2–)
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of formation ΔfHo298	-601.24 kJ·mol−1
Hazards
MSDS	ICSC 0504
EU Index	Not listed
R-phrases	R36, R37, R38
Main hazards	Metal fume fever, Irritant
NFPA 704	0 1 0
Flash point	Non-flammable
Related compounds
Other anions	Magnesium sulfide
Other cations	Beryllium oxide Calcium oxide Strontium oxide Barium oxide
Related compounds	Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium nitride
N (verify) (what is: Y/N?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Magnesium oxide, or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide). It has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg²⁺ ions and O^2– ions held together by ionic bonds. Magnesium hydroxide forms in the presence of water (MgO + H₂O → Mg(OH)₂), but it can be reversed by heating it to separate moisture.

Magnesium oxide was historically known as magnesia alba (literally, the white mineral from Magnesia), to differentiate it from magnesia negra, a black mineral containing what is now known as manganese.

Applications

A refractory material is one that is physically and chemically stable at high temperatures. "By far the largest consumer of magnesia worldwide is the refractory industry, which consumed about 56% of the magnesia in the United States in 2004, the remaining 44% being used in agricultural, chemical, construction, environmental, and other industrial applications."^[3]

Cement

MgO is one of the raw materials for making Portland cement in dry process plants. If too much MgO is added, the cement may become expansive. Production of MgO-based cement using serpentinite and waste CO2 (as opposed to conventional CaO-based cement using fossil fuels) may reduce anthropogenic emissions of CO2.^[4]

Desiccant

MgO is relatively poor dessicant, but because it neutralizes sulfur oxide acids created by oxidation of Kraft-processed papers, it is used by many libraries for preserving books.^{[citation needed]}

Medical

In medicine, magnesium oxide is used for relief of heartburn and sore stomach, as an antacid, magnesium supplement, and as a short-term laxative. It is also used to improve symptoms of indigestion. Side effects of magnesium oxide may include nausea and cramping.^[5] In quantities sufficient to obtain a laxative effect, side effects of long-term use include enteroliths resulting in bowel obstruction.^[6]

Other

• MgO is used as an insulator in industrial cables, as a basic refractory material for crucibles and as a principal fireproofing ingredient in construction materials. As a construction material, magnesium oxide wallboards have several attractive characteristics: fire resistance, moisture resistance, mold and mildew resistance, and strength.

• It is used as a reference white color in colorimetry, owing to its good diffusing and reflectivity properties.^[7] It may be smoked onto the surface of an opaque material to form an integrating sphere.

• It is used extensively in heating as a component of "CalRod"-styled heating elements. There are several mesh sizes available and most commonly used ones are 40 and 80 mesh per the American Foundry Society. The extensive use is due to its high dielectric strength and average thermal conductivity. MgO is usually crushed and compacted with minimal airgaps or voids. The electrical heating industry also experimented with aluminium oxide, but it is not used anymore.

Unpolished MgO crystal

• Pressed MgO is used as an optical material. It is transparent from 0.3 to 7 µm. The refractive index is 1.72 at 1 µm and the Abbe number is 53.58. It is sometimes known by the Eastman Kodak trademarked name Irtran-5, although this designation is long since obsolete. Crystalline pure MgO is available commercially and has small use in infrared optics.^[8]

• It is packed around transuranic waste at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, to control the solubility of radionuclides.^[9]

• An aerosolized solution of MgO is used in library science and collections management for the deacidification of at-risk paper items. In this process, the alkalinity of MgO (and similar compounds) neutralizes the relatively high acidity characteristic of low-quality paper, thus slowing the rate of deterioration.^[10]

• It is also used as a protective coating in plasma displays.

Precautions

Magnesium oxide is easily made by burning magnesium ribbon which oxidizes in a bright white light, resulting in a powder. However, the bright flame is very hard to extinguish and it emits a harmful intensity of UV light. Inhalation of magnesium oxide fumes can cause metal fume fever.^[11]

See also

• Calcium oxide
• Barium oxide
• Magnesium sulfide

References

1. ^ O. E. Taurian et al. (1985). "Self-consistent electronic structures of MgO and SrO". Solid State Communications 55 (4): 351. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(85)90622-2. 
2. ^ Material Safety Data Sheet. Magnesium oxide
3. ^ Mark A. Shand (2006). The chemistry and technology of magnesia. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-65603-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=0ShuV4W0V2gC. Retrieved 10 September 2011. 
4. ^ McKenna, Phil (25 September 2010 (updated 1 October 2010)). "Emission control: Turning carbon trash into treasure". New Scientist 2779: 48–51. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20727791.100-emission-control-turning-carbon-trash-into-treasure.html?full=true. Retrieved 4 Oct 2010. 
5. ^ Magnesium Oxide. MedlinePlus. Last reviewed 02/01/2009
6. ^ Tatekawa Y, Nakatani K, Ishii H et al. (1996). "Small bowel obstruction caused by a medication bezoar: report of a case". Surgery today 26 (1): 68–70. doi:10.1007/BF00311997. PMID 8680127. 
7. ^ Tellex, Peter A.; Waldron, Jack R. (1955). "Reflectance of Magnesium Oxide". JOSA 45 (1): 19. doi:10.1364/JOSA.45.000019. http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-45-1-19. 
8. ^ Index of Refraction of Magnesium Oxide Robert E. Stephens and Irving H. Malitson
9. ^ wipp.energy.gov Step-By-Step Guide for Waste Handling at WIPP. Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. wipp.energy.gov
10. ^ "Mass Deacidification: Saving the Written Word". Library of Congress. http://www.loc.gov/preservation/scientists/projects/mass_deacid.html. Retrieved 26 September 2011. 
11. ^ National Pollutant Inventory – Magnesium Oxide Fume Fact Sheet

External links

• Data page at UCL
• Ceramic data page at NIST