Chiricahua Mountains

Chiricahua Mountains
Mountain Range
Chiricahua Mountains-northeast flank-(at Portal, AZ)
Country	United States
State	Arizona
Region	Madrean Sky Islands ((northeast)-Sonoran Desert)
District	Cochise County
Borders on	San Simon Valley-NE & E San Bernardino Valley-SE Pedragosa Mountains-S Sulphur Springs Valley-NW, W & SW Dos Cabezas Mountains-NW
City	Willcox, AZ-NW Douglas, AZ-S Rodeo, NM-E
Highest point	Chiricahua Peak
- elevation	9,759 ft (2,975 m)
- coordinates	31°50′47″N 109°17′28″W / 31.84639°N 109.29111°W / 31.84639; -109.29111
Length	35 mi (56 km), NW, then SW
Width	21 mi (34 km), (arc-shape)-N-S
Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona

The Chiricahua Mountains are a mountain range in southeastern Arizona which are part of the Basin and Range province of the southwest, and part of the Coronado National Forest. The highest point, Chiricahua Peak, rises 9,759 feet (2,975 m) above sea level, approximately 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above the surrounding valleys.

The Chiricahua Mountains, and other associated ranges, along with Sulphur Springs Valley on the west and the San Simon Valley on the east, form the eastern half of Cochise County in southeast Arizona. The Pedrogosa Mountains are found at the southern end of the Chiricahua Mountains, while the Swisshelm Mountains are located to the southwest. The northwest end of the Chiricahua mountains continue as the Dos Cabezas Mountains beyond Apache Pass and the Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Access to the Chiricahua Mountains and Coronado National Forest is through Wilcox from the north, Douglas from the south, and Rodeo from the east.

History

The earliest evidence human's in the vicinity of the Chiricahua Mountains are Clovis archeological sites such as Double Adobe Site in the Whitewater Draw tributary of Rucker Creek north of Douglas. Subsequently, the Cochise culture another pre-ceramic based culture spanning 3000 - 200 BCE was defined from sites around the Chiricahua Mountains, including Cave Creek Canyon.^[1] Following the transition to ceramics^[2] diagnostic ceramics characteristic of Mogollon culture and it's local variants, the Mimbres culture, are found spanning the period from 150 BCE - 1450. The influx of other indigenous peoples, such as the Chiricahua Apaches, including the leaders Cochise and Geronimo occupied the area until forced removal in the late 19th century.

The first recorded mining claim in the Chiricahua Mountains was the Hidden Treasure claim filed in 1881 and mining has continued intermittently to the present with the greatest periods of activity occurring in the 1920s and 1950s.^[3]

More recently, the Chiricahuas have fallen into use by people smugglers and the drug cartels, who position lookouts on their peaks to warn of Border Patrol activities.^[4][5]

Geology overview

The Chiricahua Mountains were formed by volcanic eruptions spanning 35 - 25 million years ago.^[6] The last major eruption, 27 million years ago, created the Turkey Creek Caldera and laid down 2,000 feet (610 m) of volcanic ash which fused into welded Rhyolite tuff.^[7] Subsequent erosion has created mountain ridges covered in stone spires and stone columns, hoodoos, that rise up out of the forest. These natural features, preserved in the Chiricahua National Monument, are composed of Rhyolite Canyon Tuff.

Wulfenite specimen from the old Hilltop Mine, Rustler Park

A one to two mile wide band of sedimentary rock running southeast to northwest from south of Portal through Paradise and up to the Dos Cabezas Mountains is the source of mineralized deposits.^[3] The largest of the mines developed in the California district of the Chiricahua Mountains was the Hilltop mine which consisted of 3 interconnected levels totaling 6,098 metres (20,007 ft).^[8]

Flora and fauna

The Chiricahua Mountains are a Bio-diverse area which are composed of numerous sky islands. Five of the 9 life zones^[9] are found in the Chiricahua Mounatins. Three hundred and seventy-five avian species, some endemic to the region, have been recorded from the Chiricahua Mountains.^[10] There are also ocelots, jaguars, mountain lions, Nine-banded Armadillo, black bears, and white-tailed deer. With the base of the Chiricahua's at about 3,600 feet (1,100 m),^[11] the range covers about 6,000 feet (1,800 m) in elevation. Grasslands and desert cover the base of the range, with Ponderosa Pine and Douglas fir at the highest elevations. Cave Creek Canyon on the east side is home to the American Museum of Natural History Southwest Research Station and the small towns of Portal and Paradise.^[12]

Some species associated with the range:

Arizona Sycamore[13] Catocala violenta-(=Catocala chiricahua) Charadra tapa Chiricahua Leopard Frog Eared Quetzal Elegant Trogon Nine-banded Armadillo

Hypotrix lunata Johann's Pinyon Lilium parryi Lithophane leeae Madrean pine-oak woodlands Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir Tricholita ferrisi–((?)found only at Onion Saddle)

Gallery

• 

  Chiricahua National Monument

• 

  Hoodoos, Chiricahua National Monument

• 

  Trees and hoodoos, Chiricahua National Monument

• 

  Spherulites

• 

  Road to Chiricahua National Monument

• 

  Sunglow Ranch

• 

  Cave Creek Canyon

See also

• Chiricahua National Monument
• Dos Cabezas Mountains

References

1. ^ "Arizona Memory Project : Compound Object Viewer". azmemory.lib.az.us. http://azmemory.lib.az.us/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/medallion&CISOPTR=2681&REC=1. Retrieved September 5, 2010. 
2. ^ "Arizona Memory Project : Compound Object Viewer". azmemory.lib.az.us. http://azmemory.lib.az.us/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/medallion&CISOPTR=4093&REC=2. Retrieved September 5, 2010. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Brown, S. D. (1993), Mineral Appraisal of the Coronado National Forest Part 2, Chiricahua-Pedregosa Mountains Unit, Cochise County, Arizona. United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 210 pp., http://www.admmr.state.az.us/DigitalLibrary/USBM_MLA/USBM_MLA_012-93.pdf 
4. ^ Nathan Thornburgh (14 June 2011). "Border Crackdowns and the Battle for Arizona". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1993872-2,00.html. 
5. ^ Leo W. Banks (30 June 2011). "Arizona Burning". Tucson Weekly. Archived from the original on 3 July 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5ztqFqYoW. 
6. ^ Pallister, J. S.; Dubray, E. A.; Hall, D. B. (1997), Guide to the volcanic geology of Chiricahua National Monument and vicinity, Cochise County, Arizona, http://skywalker.cochise.edu/wellerr/chiricahuas/cover.htm, retrieved 2010-09-03 
7. ^ "CVO Website - Arizona Volcanoes and Volcanics". vulcan.wr.usgs.gov. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Arizona/description_arizona_volcanoes.html. Retrieved September 3, 2010. 
8. ^ "Hilltop Mine (Hand Mine; Kasper tunnel; Gray Mine; Dunn shaft; Blacksmith shaft; Rhem adit), Rustler Park, California District, Chiricahua Mts, Cochise Co., Arizona, USA". mindat.org. http://www.mindat.org/loc-5588.html. Retrieved September 5, 2010. 
9. ^ "Natural Vegetation of". southwest.library.arizona.edu. http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/azso/body.1_div.4.html. Retrieved September 3, 2010. 
10. ^ "Audubon: Birds & Science [-109.28, 31.9057 - Chiricahua Mountains, Coronado National Forest"]. iba.audubon.org. http://iba.audubon.org/iba/viewSiteProfile.do?siteId=2286&navSite=state. Retrieved September 3, 2010. 
11. ^ Chiricahua Mountains Study Area
12. ^ Southwest Research Station
13. ^ Winter photos, (fireflyforest.net)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chiricahua Mountains

• "Chiricahua National Monument". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/chir/. 
• "Chiricahua Peak, Arizona". Peakbagger.com. http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=4223. 
• Chiricahua Peak Summit, trails, mountainzone.com, (coord)
• Chiricahua Mountains Study Area
• Map of Chiricahua and Dos Cabezas Mountains
• Chiricahua - Peloncillo Historical Society

Coordinates: 31°55′47″N 109°22′56″W / 31.9298117°N 109.3822849°W / 31.9298117; -109.3822849