Neon lighting

Times Square, New York City, has been famous for elaborate neon lighting displays since the 1920s.

See also: Neon sign

Neon lighting is created by brightly glowing, electrified glass tubes or bulbs that contain rarefied neon or other gases. Georges Claude, a French engineer and inventor, presented neon tube lighting in essentially its modern form at the Paris Motor Show from December 3–18, 1910.^[1][2][3] Claude, sometimes called "the Edison of France",^[4] had a near monopoly on the new technology, which became very popular for signage and displays in the period 1920-1940. Neon lighting was an important cultural phenomenon in the United States in that era;^[5] by 1940, the downtowns of nearly every city in the US were bright with neon signage, and Times Square in New York City was known worldwide for its neon extravagances.^[6][7] There were 2000 shops nationwide designing and fabricating neon signs.^[8][9] The popularity, intricacy, and scale of neon signage for advertising declined in the U.S. following the Second World War (1939–1945), but development continued vigorously in Japan, Iran, and some other countries.^[8] In recent decades architects and artists, in addition to sign designers, have again adopted neon tube lighting as a component in their works.^[8][10][11]

A second technology for neon lighting, the miniature neon glow lamp, was developed in 1917, about seven years after neon tube lighting.^[12] While neon tube lights are typically meters long, the lamps can be less than one centimeter in length and glow much more dimly than the tube lights. Through the 1970s, neon glow lamps were widely used for displays in electronics, for small decorative lamps, and as electronic devices in of themselves. While these lamps are now antiques, the technology of the neon glow lamp developed into contemporary plasma displays and televisions.^[13][14]

Neon lighting is closely related to fluorescent lighting, which developed about 25 years after neon tube lighting.^[9] In fluorescent lights, the light emitted by rarefied gases within a tube is used exclusively to excite fluorescent materials that coat the tube, which then shine with their own colors that become the tube's visible, usually white, glow. Fluorescent coatings and glasses are also an option for neon tube lighting, but are usually selected to obtain bright colors.

History and science

Gas discharge tube containing neon; "Ne" is the standard abbreviation for neon, which is one of the chemical elements.

Vegas Vic, a 40 feet (12 m) tall neon sign built in 1951 for the Pioneer Club in Las Vegas, Nevada. The sign was designed by Pat Denner, and fabricated by the Young Electric Sign Company.^[15] The sign was originally animated: the cowboy's left hand waved, his eye winked, the cigarette moved, and smoke rings emerged from his mouth.

Neon is a chemical element and an inert gas that is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere. It was discovered in 1898 by William Ramsey and Morris W. Travers. When Ramsey and Travers had succeeded in obtaining some pure neon from the atmosphere, they explored its properties using an "electrical gas-discharge" tube that was similar to the tubes used today for neon signs. Travers later wrote, "the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget."^[16] The procedure of examining the colors of the light emitted from gas-discharge (or "Geissler" tubes) was well-known at the time, since the colors of light (the "spectral lines") emitted by a gas discharge tube are, essentially, fingerprints that identify the gases inside.

Immediately following neon's discovery, neon tubes were used as scientific instruments and novelties.^[17] However, the scarcity of purified neon gas precluded its prompt application for electrical gas-discharge lighting along the lines of Moore tubes, which used more common nitrogen or carbon dioxide as the working gas, and enjoyed some commercial success in the US in the early 1900s.^[12][18] After 1902, Georges Claude's company in France, Air Liquide, began producing industrial quantities of neon essentially as a byproduct of the air liquefaction business. From December 3–18, 1910, Claude demonstrated two large (12 metres (39 ft) long), bright red neon tubes at the Paris Motor Show.^[1][2]

These neon tubes were essentially in their contemporary form.^[8][19][20] The range of outer diameters for the glass tubing used in neon lighting is 9 to 25 mm; with standard electrical equipment, the tubes can be as long as 30 metres (98 ft).^[21] The pressure of the gas inside is in the range 3-20 Torr (0.4-3 kPa), which corresponds to a partial vacuum in the tubing. Claude had also solved two technical problems that substantially shortened the working life of neon and some other gas discharge tubes,^[22] and effectively gave birth to a neon lighting industry. In 1915 a US patent was issued to Claude covering the design of the electrodes for gas-discharge lighting;^[23] this patent became the basis for the monopoly held in the US by his company, Claude Neon Lights, for neon signs through the early 1930s.^[24]

Claude's patents envisioned the use of gases such as argon and mercury vapor to create different colors beyond those produced by neon. In the 1920s, fluorescent glasses and coatings were developed to further expand the range of colors and effects for tubes with argon gas or argon-neon mixtures; generally, the fluorescent coatings are used with an argon/mercury-vapor mixture, which emits ultraviolet light that activates the fluorescent coatings.^[9] By the 1930s, the colors from combinations of neon tube lights had become satisfactory for some general interior lighting applications, and achieved some success in Europe, but not in the US.^[9] Since the 1950s, the development of phosphors for color televisions has created nearly 100 new colors for neon tube lighting.^[11]

Around 1917, Daniel McFarlan Moore, then working at the General Electric Company, developed the miniature neon lamp. The glow lamp has a very different design than the much larger neon tubes used for signage; the difference was sufficient that a separate US patent was issued for the lamp in 1919.^[25] A Smithsonian Institution website notes, "These small, low power devices use a physical principle called "coronal discharge." Moore mounted two electrodes close together in a bulb and added neon or argon gas. The electrodes would glow brightly in red or blue, depending on the gas, and the lamps lasted for years. Since the electrodes could take almost any shape imaginable, a popular application has been fanciful decorative lamps. Glow lamps found practical use as electronic components, and as indicators in instrument panels and in many home appliances until the acceptance of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) starting in the 1970s."^[12]

Although some neon lamps themselves are now antiques, and their use in electronics has declined markedly, the technology has continued to develop in artistic and entertainment contexts.^[8][20] Neon lighting technology has been reshaped from long tubes into thin flat panels used for plasma displays and plasma television sets.^[14]

Neon tube lighting and signs

Main article: Neon sign

When Georges Claude demonstrated an impressive, practical form of neon tube lighting in 1910, he apparently envisioned that it would be used as a form of lighting, which had been the application of the earlier Moore tubes that were based on nitrogen and carbon dioxide discharges. Claude's 1910 demonstration of neon lighting at the Grand Palais (Grand Palace) in Paris lit a peristyle of this large exhibition space.^[3] Claude's associate, Jacques Fonseque, realized the possibilities for a business based on signage and advertising. By 1913 a large sign for the vermouth Cinzano illuminated the night sky in Paris, and by 1919 the entrance to the Paris Opera was adorned with neon tube lighting.^[8]

Neon signage was received with particular enthusiasm in the United States. In 1923, Earle C. Anthony purchased two neon signs from Claude for his Packard car dealership in Los Angeles, California; these literally stopped traffic.^[1][8] Claude's US patents had secured him a monopoly on neon signage, and following Anthony's success with neon signs, many companies arranged franchises with Claude to manufacture neon signs. In many cases companies were given exclusive licenses for the production of neon signs in a given geographical area; by 1931, the value of the neon sign business was $16.9 million, of which a significant percentage was paid to Claude Neon Lights, Inc. by the franchising arrangements. Claude's principal patent expired in 1932, which led to a great expansion in the production of neon signage. The industry's sales in 1939 were about $22.0 million; the expansion in volume from 1931 to 1939 was much larger than the ratio of sales in the two years suggests.^[9]

Rudi Stern has written, "The 1930s were years of great creativity for neon, a period when many design and animation techniques were developed. ... Men like O. J. Gude and, in particular, Douglas Leigh took neon advertising further than Georges Claude and his associates had ever envisioned. Leigh, who conceived and created the archetypal Times Square spectacular, experimented with displays that incorporated smells, fog, and sounds as part of their total effect. ... Much of the visual excitement of Times Square in the thirties was a result of Leigh's genius as a kinetic and luminal artist."^[8] Major cities throughout the United States and in several other countries also had elaborate displays of neon signs. Events such as the Chicago Century of Progress Exposition (1933–34), the Paris World's Fair (1937) and New York World's Fair (1939) were remarkable for their extensive use of neon tubes as architectural features. Stern has argued that the creation of "glorious" neon displays for movie theaters led to an association of the two, "One's joy in going to the movies became inseparably associated with neon."

The Second World War (1939–1945) arrested new sign installations around most of the world. Following the war, the industry resumed. Marcus Thielen writes of this era, "...after World War II, government programs were established to help re-educate soldiers. The Egani Institute (New York City) was one of few schools in the country that taught neon-trade secrets. The American streamlined design from the 1950s would be unimaginable without the use of neon."^[11] The development of Las Vegas, Nevada as a resort city is inextricably linked with neon signage; Tom Wolfe wrote in 1965, "Las Vegas is the only city in the world whose skyline is made neither of buildings, like New York, nor of trees, like Wilbraham, Massachusetts, but signs. One can look at Las Vegas from a mile away on route 91 and see no buildings, no trees, only signs. But such signs! They tower. They revolve, they oscillate, they soar in shapes before which the existing vocabulary of art history is helpless."^[26]

Overall, however, neon displays became less fashionable, and some cities discouraged their construction with ordinances.^[27] Nelson Algren titled a 1947 collection of his short stories The Neon Wilderness. Margalit Fox has written, "... after World War II, as neon signs were replaced increasingly by fluorescent-lighted plastic, the art of bending colored tubes into sinuous, gas-filled forms began to wane."^[28] A dark age persisted at least through the 1970s, when artists adopted neon with enthusiasm; in 1979 Rudi Stern published his manifesto, Let There Be Neon.^[29] Marcus Thielen wrote in 2005, on the 90th anniversary of the US patent issued to Georges Claude, "The demand for the use of neon and cold cathode in architectural applications is growing, and the introduction of new techniques like fiberoptics and LED — into the sign market have strengthened, rather than replaced, neon technology. The evolution of the 'waste' product neon tube remains incomplete 90 years after the patent was filed."^[11]

Neon glow lamps and plasma displays

The digits of a Nixie tube, which is a neon glow lamp with ten electrodes shaped as the ten numerals. The digits of this tube are 5/8 in. (16 mm) tall.

Main article: Neon lamp

In neon glow lamps, the luminous region of the gas is a thin, "negative glow" region immediately adjacent to a negatively charged electrode (or "cathode"); the positively charged electrode ("anode") is quite close to the cathode. These features distinguish the lamps from the much longer and brighter luminous regions in neon tube lighting;^[20] technically, the latter correspond to a "positive column" in the discharge that is absent in the lamps. The energy dissipation in the lamps when they are glowing is very low (about 0.1 W),^[30] hence the distinguishing term cold-cathode lighting.

Some of the applications of neon lamps include:^[30]

• Pilot lamps that indicate the presence of electrical power in an appliance or instrument (e.g. an electric coffee pot or power supply).
• Decorative (or "figural") lamps in which the cathode is shaped as a flower, animal, etc.. The figures inside these lamps were typically painted with phosphorescent paints to achieve a variety of colors.
• Active electronic circuits such as electronic oscillators, timers, memory elements, etc..
• Intricate electronic displays such as the Nixie tube (see photograph).

A 2007 plasma television set. Each of the thousands of colored pixels in the image on the set is created by a tiny neon glow lamp that excites a phosphor.

The small size of the negative glow region of a neon lamp, and the flexible electronic properties that were exploited in electronic circuits, led to the adoption of this technology for the earliest plasma panel displays. The first monochrome dot matrix plasma panel displays were developed in 1964 at the University of Illinois for the PLATO educational computing system. They had the characteristic color of the neon lamp; their inventors, Donald L. Bitzer, H. Gene Slottow, and Robert H. Wilson, had achieved a working computer display that remembered its own state, and did not require constant refreshing from the central computer system. The relationship between these early monochrome displays and contemporary, color plasma displays and televisions was described by Larry F. Weber in 2006, "All plasma TVs on the market today have the same features that were demonstrated in the first plasma display which was a device with only a single cell. These features include alternating sustain voltage, dielectric layer, wall charge, and a neon-based gas mixture."^[14] As in colored neon lamps, plasma displays use a gas mixture that emits ultraviolet light. Each pixel has a phosphor that emits one of the display's base colors.

Neon lighting and artists in light

See also: List of artists in light.

The mid to late 1980's was a period of resurgence in neon production. Sign companies developed a new type of signage called channel lettering, in which individual letters were fashioned from sheet metal.

While the market for neon lighting in outdoor advertising signage has declined since the mid 20th Century, in recent decades neon lighting has been used consciously in art, both in individual objects and integrated into architecture. Frank Popper traces the use of neon lighting as the principal element in artworks to Gyula Košice's late 1940s work in Argentina. Among the later artists whom Popper notes in a brief history of neon lighting in art are Stephen Antonakos, the conceptual artists Joseph Kosuth and Bruce Nauman, Martial Raysse, Chryssa, Piotr Kowalski, and François Morellet.^[10]

Several museums in the United States are now devoted to neon lighting and art, including the Museum of Neon Art (founded by neon artist Lili Lakich, Los Angeles, 1981), the Neon Museum (Las Vegas, founded 1996), the American Sign Museum (Cincinnati, founded 1999), and the Neon Museum of Philadelphia (founded by Len Davidson, Philadelphia, 1985).^[31] These museums restore and display historical signage that was originally designed as advertising, in addition to presenting exhibits of neon art. Several books of photographs have also been published to draw attention to neon lighting as art.^[8][32][33] In 1994, Christian Schiess has published an anthology of photographs and interviews devoted to fifteen "light artists".^[34]

Zwei Pferde für Münster (Two horses for Münster), neon sculpture by Stephan Huber (2002). The second sculpture in the pair is not visible in this photo.

Human/Need/Desire. Neon sculpture by Bruce Nauman (1983), who has been characterized as a conceptual artist.[10]

A subterranean walkway at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport is illuminated by Michael Hayden's neon installation (The Sky's the Limit, 1987).[35]

See also

• Plasma globe
• Crackle tube
• Neon signs

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} van Dulken, Stephen (2002). Inventing the 20th century: 100 inventions that shaped the world : from the airplane to the zipper. New York University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780814788127. http://books.google.com/books?id=aVHRRoQvW60C&pg=PA42. 
2. ^ ^{a b} The dates of the 1910 Paris Motor Show are incorporated into this poster for the show.
3. ^ ^{a b} Testelin, Xavier. "Reportage - Il était une fois le néon No. 402". http://www.xaviertestelin.com/photo-402.html. Retrieved 2010-12-06.  Claude lit the peristyle of the Grand Palais in Paris with neon tubes; this webpage includes a contemporary photograph that gives an impression of the effect. The webpage is part of an extensive selection of images of neon lighting; see "Reportage - Il était une fois le néon". http://www.xaviertestelin.com/sujet-6.html. 
4. ^ "FRANCE: Paranoia?". Time Magazine. July 9, 1945. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,852306,00.html. 
5. ^ O'Toole, Lawrence (February 4, 1990). "Where Neon Art Comes of Age". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/04/travel/where-neon-art-comes-of-age.html. "Americans, oddly, aren't so crazy about neon as the Japanese and the Europeans, although it could be argued that neon, discovered by the French inventor Georges Claude in 1910, is largely an American phenomenon."  As explained in this article, Claude did not discover neon.
6. ^ Cutler, Alan (Summer 2007). "A visual history of Times Square spectaculars". The Smithsonian Institution. http://www.si.edu/opa/insideresearch/articles/V17_TimesSquare.html. 
7. ^ Tell, Darcy (2007). Times Square Spectacular: Lighting Up Broadway. Harper-Collins. ISBN 9780060884338. http://books.google.com/books?id=NwaLWFSG3rcC. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Stern, Rudi (1988). The New Let There Be Neon. H. N. Abrams. pp. 16–33. ISBN 9780810912991. 
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} Bright, Jr., Arthur A. (1949). The Electric-Lamp Industry. MacMillan. pp. 369–374. 
10. ^ ^{a b c} Popper, Frank (2009). "Neon". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. http://www.moma.org/collection/details.php?theme_id=10130. 
11. ^ ^{a b c d} Thielen, Marcus (August 2005). "Happy Birthday Neon!". Signs of the Times. http://www.signmuseum.net/histories/happybirthdayneon.asp. 
12. ^ ^{a b c} "Lamp Inventors 1880-1940: Moore Lamp". The Smithsonian Institution. http://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/bios/moore.htm. 
13. ^ Myers, Robert L. (2002). Display interfaces: fundamentals and standards. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 69–71. ISBN 9780471499466. http://books.google.com/books?id=ilHvFwoAZDMC&pg=PA69. "Plasma displays are closely related to the simple neon lamp." 
14. ^ ^{a b c} Weber, Larry F. (April 2006). "History of the plasma display panel". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 34 (2): 268–278. Bibcode 2006ITPS...34..268W. doi:10.1109/TPS.2006.872440.  Paid access.
15. ^ Moreno, Richard (2008). Nevada Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff. Globe Pequot. p. 1880. ISBN 9780762746828. http://books.google.com/books?id=DcRC49IOMpwC&pg=PA1880. "Standing 40 feet tall, the illuminated buckaroo weighs about 6 tons and, at the time it was erected on top of the Pioneer Club in downtown Las Vegas, was the world's largest mechanical sign (his arm waved, his eye winked, and his cigarette moved and blew smoke rings." 
16. ^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (2003). Discovery of the Elements: Third Edition (reprint). Kessinger Publishing. p. 287. ISBN 9780766138728. http://books.google.com/books?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC&pg=PA287. 
17. ^ Fleming, J. A. (October 1904). "The Propagation of Electric Waves along Spiral Wires, and on an Appliance for Measuring the Length of Waves Used in Wireless Telegraphy". Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Sixth Series 8 (46): 417. http://books.google.com/books?id=VJEOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA419.  Fleming used a tube of neon, without electrodes, to explore the amplitudes of radiofrequency waves by examining the intensity of the tube's light emission. He had obtained his neon directly from its discoverer, Ramsey.
18. ^ Bright, Jr., Arthur A. (1949). The Electric-Lamp Industry. MacMillan. pp. 221–223. 
19. ^ Strattman, Wayne (1997). "The Luminous Tube: An illuminating description of how neon signs operate". Signs of the Times. http://www.strattman.com/articles/luminoustubes.html. Retrieved 2010-12-10. 
20. ^ ^{a b c} Strattman, Wayne (1997). Neon Techniques: Handbook of Neon Sign and Cold-Cathode Lighting (4th edition). ST Media Group International. ISBN 9780944094273. 
21. ^ "ANSI Luminous Tube Footage Chart". American National Standards Institute (ANSI). http://www.allanson.com/Product%20PDFs/ANSI_Luminous_footage.pdf. Retrieved 2010-12-10.  Reproduction of a chart in the catalog of a lighting company in Toronto; the original ANSI specification is not given.
22. ^ Claude, Georges (November 1913). "The Development of Neon Tubes". The Engineering Magazine: 271–274. http://books.google.com/books?id=erpMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA271#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
23. ^ US 1125476, Georges Claude, "Systems of Illuminating by Luminescent Tubes", issued 1915-01-19  See reproduction of patent.
24. ^ "Claude Neon Lights Wins Injunction Suit: Also Gets Rights to Recover Profits and Damages Resulting From Patent Infringement". The New York Times. November 28, 1928.  Paid access.
25. ^ US patent 1316967, Daniel McFarlan Moore, "Gaseous Conduction Lamp", issued 1919-09-23, assigned to General Electric Company 
26. ^ Wolfe, Tom (2009). The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby. MacMillan. p. 7. ISBN 9780312429126. http://books.google.com/books?id=QwyU4YsvLsEC&pg=PA7.  Includes a reprint of a 1965 essay, "Las Vegas (What?) Las Vegas (Can't Hear You Too Noisy) Las Vegas!!!!"
27. ^ San Jose, California is one of many cities that had an anti-neon ordinance; see Gaura, Maria Alicia (August 26, 1998). "San Jose Changes Neon Sign Ordinance / Way is cleared for Knight Ridder offices". San Francisco Chronicle. http://articles.sfgate.com/1998-08-26/news/17728338_1_knight-ridder-rooftop-signs-neon-signs. Retrieved 2010-11-27. "Before yesterday's 8-to-2 vote to revise the ordinance, rooftop signs were not allowed on San Jose high-rise buildings, nor were colored neon signs. In addition, the maximum allowable size of signs on high-rise buildings was only 750 square feet." 
28. ^ Fox, Margalit (August 18, 2006). "Rudi Stern, Artist Whose Medium Was Light, Dies at 69". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/18/arts/18stern.html. 
29. ^ Stern, Rudi (1979). Let There Be Neon. H. N. Abrams. ISBN 978-0810912557. 
30. ^ ^{a b} Baumann, Edward (1966). Applications of Neon Lamps and Gas Discharge Tubes. Carlton Press. 
31. ^ "Davidson Neon and Neon Museum of Philadelphia". http://www.davidsonneon.com/museum.htm. 
32. ^ Davidson, Len (July 1999). Vintage Neon. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0764308574. 
33. ^ Sprengnagel, Dusty (1999). Neon World. ST Publications. ISBN 0944094260.  A collection of photographs of neon signs from cities around the world, most unannotated.
34. ^ Schiess, Christian (1994). The Light Artist Anthology: Neon and Related Media. ST Media Group International. ISBN 9780944094006.  Schiess' anthology includes Stephen Antonakos, Valerij Bugrov, Chris Freeman, Peter Freeman, Michael Hayden, Craig Kraft, Dante Leonelli, Cork Marcheschi, Bill Parker, Alejandro & Moira Siña (Sinha), Keith Sonnier, and Willem Volkersz.
35. ^ Stern, Rudi (1990). Contemporary Neon. Retail Reporting Corp.. ISBN 9780934590372. "California artist Michael Hayden was selected to design a lighting sculpture synchronized with music and orchestrated with architecture. Hayden's solution, Sky's the Limit, uses 466 neon tubes and extends 744 feet."