USS Alligator (1862)

The fourth "Alligator" (was never commissioned so it cannot be referred to as "USS Alligator") is the first known US Navy submarine, active during the American Civil War. The first submarine in the United States was a Revolutionary War era submarine, the "Turtle". However, "Turtle" never served in the United States Navy.

Construction

In the autumn of 1861, the Navy asked the firm of Neafie & Levy to construct a small submersible ship designed by the French engineer Brutus DeVilleroi, who also acted as a supervisor during the first phase of the construction.

The ship was about 30 ft (9 m) long and 6 ft (1.8 m) or 8 ft (2.4 m) in diameter. "It was made of iron, with the upper part pierced for small circular plates of glass, for light, and in it were several water tight compartments." For propulsion, she was equipped with sixteen hand-powered paddles protruding from the sides, but on July 3, 1862, the Washington Navy Yard had the paddles replaced by a hand-cranked propeller, which improved its speed up to seven knots. Air was to be supplied from the surface by two tubes with floats, connected to an air pump inside the submarine.

The Navy wanted such a vessel to counter the threat posed to its wooden-hulled blockaders by the former screw frigate "Merrimack" which, according to intelligence reports, the Norfolk Navy Yard was rebuilding as an ironclad ram for the Confederacy (the CSS "Virginia"). Since the Navy's agreement with the Philadelphia shipbuilder specified that the submarine was to be finished in not more than 40 days, her keel was laid down almost immediately following the signing on 1 November 1861 of the contract for her construction. Nevertheless, the work proceeded so slowly that more than 180 days had elapsed when the novel craft finally was launched on 1 May 1862.

Operational history

Soon after first entering the water, the new boat was towed to the Philadelphia Navy Yard to be fitted out and manned. A fortnight later, a civilian, Mr. Samuel Eakins, was placed in charge of her; and, on 13 June, the Navy formally accepted the small, but unique, ship.

Next, the steam tug Fred Kopp was engaged to tow the submarine to Hampton Roads, Virginia. The two vessels got underway on 19 June and proceeded down the Delaware River to the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal through which they entered the Chesapeake Bay for the last leg of the voyage. At Norfolk, the submarine was moored alongside the sidewheel steamer, "Satellite", her tender during her duty with the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. A short while after reaching Hampton Roads on the 23rd, the submarine picked up the name "Alligator", a term which soon appeared in official correspondence.

Several tasks were considered for the strange vessel: destroying a bridge across Swift Creek, a tributary of the Appomattox River; clearing away the obstructions in the James River at Fort Darling which had prevented Union gunboats from steaming upstream to support General McClellan's drive up the peninsula toward Richmond; and blowing up "Virginia II" if that ironclad were completed on time and sent downstream to attack Union forces. Consequently, the submarine was sent up the James to City Point where she arrived on the 25th. Commander John Rodgers, the senior naval officer in that area, examined "Alligator" and reported that neither the James off Fort Darling nor the Appomattox near the bridge was deep enough to permit the submarine to submerge completely. Moreover, he feared that, while his theater of operation contained no targets accessible to the submarine, the Union gunboats under his command would be highly vulnerable to her attacks should "Alligator" fall into enemy hands. As a result, he requested permission to send the submarine back to Hampton Roads.

The ship headed downriver on the 29th and then was ordered to proceed to the Washington Navy Yard for more experimentation and testing. In August, Lt. Thomas O. Selfridge, Jr. was given command of "Alligator" and she was assigned a naval crew. The tests proved to be unsatisfactory, and Selfridge pronounced "the enterprise… a failure."

The Navy Yard later removed "Alligator's" oars and installed a screw propeller in their stead. This change increased her speed to about seven knots. On 18 March 1863, President Lincoln observed the submarine in operation.

About this time, Rear Admiral Samuel Francis du Pont—who had become interested in the submarine while in command of the Philadelphia Navy Yard early in the war—decided that "Alligator" might be useful in carrying out his plans to take Charleston, South Carolina, the birthplace of secession. Acting Master John F. Winchester, who then commanded the "Sumpter", was ordered to tow the submarine to Port Royal, South Carolina. The odd pair got underway on 31 March.

The next day, the two ships encountered bad weather which, on 2 April, forced "Sumpter" to cut "Alligator" adrift off Cape Hatteras. [ [http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/08444.htm Submarine Photo Index ] ] She either immediately sank or drifted for a while before sinking (no one knows which for sure), ending the career of the Navy's first submarine.

References

*DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/a7/alligator-iv.htm

External links

* [http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/08444.htm navsource.org: USS "Alligator"]
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4845742 NPR story] on the hunt for the "USS Alligator"
* [http://www.sanctuaries.nos.noaa.gov/alligator/hunt2004/welcome.html NOAA search for the Alligator]
* [http://www.navyandmarine.org/alligator/ Navy & Marine LHA history site on Alligator]
* [http://www.navyandmarine.org/ondeck/1862AppomattoxRaid.htm Full Story of the Appomattox River Raid]
* [http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_30/alligator.html UNDERSEA WARFARE Magazine article on Alligator]