Hurricane Iwa

Infobox Hurricane
Name=Hurricane Iwa
Type=hurricane
Year=1982
Basin=EPac
Image location=Hurricaneiwanoaa7.gif


Formed=November 19, 1982
Dissipated=November 25, 1982
1-min winds=80
Pressure=968
Da

Inflated=0
Fatalities=1 direct, 3 indirect
Areas=Hawaiokinai
Hurricane season=1982 Pacific hurricane season

Hurricane Iwa, taken from the Hawaiian language name for the frigatebird (okinaiwa, lit. "Thief"), was at the time the costliest hurricane to affect the state of Hawaiokinai. Iwa was the twenty-third tropical storm and the twelfth and final hurricane of the 1982 Pacific hurricane season. It developed from an active trough of low pressure near the equator on November 19. The storm moved erratically northward until becoming a hurricane on November 23 when it began accelerating to the northeast in response to strong upper-level flow from the north. Iwa passed within 25 miles of the island of Kauaokinai with peak winds of 90 mph (145 km/h) on November 24, and the next day it became extratropical to the northeast of the state.

The hurricane devastated the islands of Niokinaihau, Kauaokinai, and Ookinaahu with wind gusts exceeding 100 mph (160 km/h) and rough seas exceeding 30 feet (9 m) in height. The first significant hurricane to hit the Hawaiian Islands since statehood in 1959, Iwa severely damaged or destroyed 2,345 buildings, including 1,927 houses, leaving 500 people homeless. Damage throughout the state totaled $312 million (1982 USD, $774 million 2006 USD). One person was killed from the high seas, and three deaths were indirectly related to the hurricane's aftermath.

Meteorological history

A very active trough of low pressure persisted along the equator in the middle of November, with westerly surface winds and windspread convection located along the trough from 140° W to 140° E. An organized circulation developed near Palmyra Atoll on November 18, and steadily developed as it drifted westward.cite web|author=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|year=1982|title=1982 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season|accessdate=2006-12-17|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1982.php] Though very late in the season, warm temperatures to the south of the Hawaiian Islands due to the strongest El Nino in many years allowed the disturbance to develop into Tropical Storm Iwa on November 19 while located about 970 miles (1,760 km) southwest of the southernmost point in Hawaii. The storm tracked slowly northward after forming and initially remained a weak tropical storm. After turning to the northeast, Iwa began slowly intensifying, and on November 23 after turning to the north-northwest Iwa strengthened into a hurricane while located 580 miles (930 km) southwest of the southern tip of Hawaii.cite web|author=Mariners Weather Log|year=1983|title=Hurricane Iwa|accessdate=2006-12-17|url=http://members.aol.com/Rosendalhe/hurrican1.htm]

Shortly after becoming a hurricane, Iwa turned and accelerated to the northeast in response to strong upper level flow to its north. The hurricane possessed sufficient moisture, instability, and upper divergence for continued intensification, and Iwa reached peak winds of 90 mph (145 km/h) late on November 23 while located 245 miles (395 km) southwest of Waimea on the island of Kauai. Its forward speed increased to 30 to 40 mph, and on November 24 Iwa passed just north of the island of Kauai. The right semicircle of the storm extended across Kauai and Oahu, with gusts from 100 to 120 mph (161 to 193 km/h). After passing Hawaii, the convection of Iwa rapidly deteriorated as it gradually lost tropical characteristics. Late on November 24, the hurricane degenerated into a tropical storm, and on November 25 Iwa became an extratropical cyclone while located about 600 miles (965 km) northeast of Hawaii.

Impact

Hurricane Iwa produced estimated gusts reaching 120 mph (193 km/h) across Kauai and Oahu. The acceleration of the hurricane concentrated the energy of its swells, resulting in high waves and storm surge across the Hawaiian Islands, though primarily near the path of the center. It is estimated the storm surge reached eight feet (two meters) on the south coast of Kauaokinai. There, the surge reached 900 feet (275 m) inland, exceeding a 100-year flood event for the area.cite web|author=United States Geological Survey|year=2005|title=Summary of Significant Floods, 1982|accessdate=2006-12-22|url=http://www-ks.cr.usgs.gov/Kansas/pubs/reports/wsp.2502.sum82.html] The heaviest rainfall reported from the island chain was from the Intake Wainiha 1086 site, where 20.33 inches (516 mm) was measured. [Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcmaxima.html Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima.] Retrieved on 2007-01-29.] Possible tornadoes were reported in association with a rain squall in Oahu. Waves on the coast of Oahu reached 16.4 feet in height (3 m),cite web|author=A. T. Dengler, P. Wilde, E. K. Noda, and W. R. Normark|year=1997|title=Turbidity Currents Generated by Hurricane IWA|publisher=Geo-Marine Letters|accessdate=2006-12-22|url=http://www.marscigrp.org/gml84.html] and waves on southern Kauai surpassed 30 feet (9 m) in height.cite news|author=Anthony Sommer|year=2002|title=Lessons Learned from Iniki leave officials better prepared for any future disasters|publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|accessdate=2006-12-22|url=http://starbulletin.com/2002/09/08/news/story7.html]

During the worst of the storm, 5,800 people were evacuated from shoreline areas of Kauai to temporary shelters. Strong waves sank or grounded several small vessels on the southwestern coast of Kauaokinai, with 44 of the 45 boats at Port Allen being sunk. The worst of the damage from the hurricane occurred in Poipu, where the rough surf destroyed or severely damaged several exposed luxury hotels and condominiums. Elsewhere on the island, damage was greatest in areas where there was no protective barrier reef offshore. Several small aircraft were damaged at Lihue airport from the winds, including many overturned small planes. The winds destroyed several buildings across the island, including one of Kauai's oldest churches and a warehouse. Additionally, the winds destroyed the roof of a bank. Strong winds initially left the entire island of Kauai without power.cite news|author=United Press International|date=1982-11-24|title=Hurricane Iwa Hits Hawaiian Island of Kauai|accessdate=2006-12-22|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E2DB1339F937A15752C1A964948260] Highway 56 on the east side of the island was obstructed by fallen telephone poles, forcing residents to drive on the unpaved, red dirt cane roads usually reserved for hauling sugar cane from the fields. Rising waters washed out multiple roads near the coastline. The strong winds destroyed nearly all papaya and banyan trees on the island.cite news|author=United Press International|accessdate=2006-12-22|date=1982-12-19|title=Kauai Recovering from Punishment Sustained from Hurricane in November] The passage of the hurricane destroyed or greatly damaged 1,907 homes on the island and caused minor damage to 2,983 others, leaving one-eighth of the island's homes unlivable.cite web|author=United Press International|date=1982-11-30|title=Power Still Out in Parts of Kauai|accessdate=2006-12-22|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9906E0DA1039F933A05752C1A964948260&n=Top%2fNews%2fU%2eS%2e%2fU%2eS%2e%20States%2c%20Territories%20and%20Possessions%2fHawaii]

Rough seas killed a person on a Navy Destroyer in Pearl Harbor when the seaman hit a stanchion, with four others injured on the ship. One of the four injured was swept overboard two miles (three kilometers) from the harbor. Prior to the arrival of the hurricane, around 1,000 evacuated the low-lying coastline to shelters.cite news|author=United Press International|date=1982-11-25|title=One Dead in Hawaii Storm; Damage to 3 Islands Severe|accessdate=2006-12-22|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9B0CE0D91339F936A15752C1A964948260&n=Top%2fNews%2fU%2eS%2e%2fU%2eS%2e%20States%2c%20Territories%20and%20Possessions%2fHawaii] Rough waves destroyed four and damaged two deep-water communication cables between Oahu and Kauai. In Oahu, damage from wind and surf was heaviest on the southwest coast between Nānākuli and Mākaha. The storm surge washed sand into streets in Waikīkī and flooded cars in areas of basement parking. Wind damage was greatest in areas where winds blew from southerly directions off of mountains. The winds damaged several small aircraft and a Douglas DC-3 plane in Honolulu. Gusty winds shattered glass windows in the Honolulu International Airport, injuring several passengers. Some flights in and out of the Honolulu airport were delayed, while other domestic airports were temporarily closed. The passage of the hurricane damaged at least 6,391 homes, 21 hotels, and two condominium buildings on the island.cite news|author=United Press International|date=1982-11-28|title=Hawaii Hurricane Path Declared Disaster Area|accessdate=2006-12-22|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9805EEDD1039F93BA15752C1A964948260&n=Top%2fNews%2fU%2eS%2e%2fU%2eS%2e%20States%2c%20Territories%20and%20Possessions%2fHawaii] Additionally, 418 buildings, including 30 businesses, were destroyed on Oahu.

Surf damage was reported throughout the Hawaiian islands. 120 people were treated for injuries, though most were minor. An estimated 500 people throughout Hawaii were left homeless due to the hurricane. Damage on the private island of Niihau was severe. An aerial survey indicated 20 homes were destroyed and 160 were damaged, indicating that the hurricane affected nearly all of the island's 226 residents. Reportedly no one was injured on Niihau. At the time, Hurricane Iwa was the costliest storm to hit the state of Hawaiokinai, with damage totaling $312 million (1982 USD).cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NWS-TPC-5.pdf|title=THE DEADLIEST, COSTLIEST, AND MOST INTENSE UNITED STATES TROPICAL CYCLONES FROM 1851 TO 2006 (AND OTHER FREQUENTLY REQUESTED HURRICANE FACTS) |author=Eric S. Blake, Edward N. Rappaport, Christopher W. Landsea|date=April 2007|accessdate=2007-04-11|pages=p. 26]

Aftermath

Three days after Hurricane Iwa passed the state, Governor George Ariyoshi declared the islands of Kauai and Niihau as disaster areas and began filing papers for a federal disaster declaration.cite news|author=United Press International|date=1982-11-26|title=Hawaii Storm Cost Near $200 Million|accessdate=2006-12-22|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9402E5D71339F935A15752C1A964948260&n=Top%2fNews%2fU%2eS%2e%2fU%2eS%2e%20States%2c%20Territories%20and%20Possessions%2fHawaii] On November 28, five days after the hurricane struck, President Ronald Reagan declared the islands of Kauai, Niihau, and Oahu as a disaster area. The declaration allocated federal funds to aid the affected citizens. The state Department of Education decided to close all schools on Kauai indefinitely.

The thousands of Hawaiians without power celebrated Thanksgiving by cooking turkeys on outdoor grills or smokers. Army and Air Force planes delivered 20,000 Thanksgiving rations to the thousands left in temporary shelters. The United States military also airlifted generators to Kauai due to several days of power outages. By a week after the hurricane, utility crews restored power to nearly all major areas in Oahu, while 5,000 remained without power in Kauai. By around a month after the hurricane passed the island, utilities were restored to most of the entire island. All roads and highways were cleared, as well.cite web|author=United Press International|accessdate=2006-12-22|date=1982-12-19|title=Kauai Recovering from Punishment Sustained from Hurricane in November] One person died while cleaning up after the hurricane. Two people died in a traffic accident due to malfunctioning traffic lights.cite news|author=Michael Tsai|date=2006-07-02|title=Hurricane Iwa|publisher=Honolulu Advertiser|accessdate=2006-12-22|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/150/sesq5iwa] Following the storm, significant redevelopment occurred in Poipu where the hurricane flooded areas several hundred feet inland. The same area was struck by Hurricane Iniki ten years later. Officials estimate a hurricane similar to Iwa striking Oahu in 1992 could cause up to $7.5 billion in damage (1992 USD).cite web|author=Charles Fletcher, Eric Grossman, Bruce Richmond|year=2000|title=Hawaii Hazard Mitigation Forum|accessdate=2006-12-22|url=http://www.mothernature-hawaii.com/county_kauai/hurricane_what_are-kauai.htm]

The Central Pacific Hurricane Center retired the name Iwa subsequent to the storm and replaced it with Io. Due to low amounts of tropical activity in the central Pacific Ocean, the name Io has not since been used. Iwa was the first retired hurricane in the Central Pacific since the modern system of using Hawaiian naming began in the early 1980s, and it remains one of only four to be retired as of 2007.cite web|author=Atlantic Tropical Weather Center|year=2006|title=Tropical Cyclone Retirement|publisher=Ablaze Productions, Inc.|accessdate=2006-12-23|url=http://www.atwc.org/pachist.txt]

ee also

* List of Pacific hurricanes
* List of Hawaii hurricanes
* List of retired Pacific hurricane names

References