Great Eastern Main Line

Great Eastern Main Line
Great Eastern Main Line

National Express East Anglia class 360 at Marks Tey.
Overview
Type Inter City, Commuter rail
System National Rail
Status Operational
Locale Greater London
East of England
Termini London Liverpool Street
51°31′08″N 0°04′53″W / 51.5188°N 0.0815°W / 51.5188; -0.0815 (Great Eastern Main Line, London terminus)
Norwich
52°37′36″N 1°18′24″E / 52.6267°N 1.3067°E / 52.6267; 1.3067 (Great Eastern Main Line, Norwich terminus)
Stations 27
Operation
Opened 1862
Owner Network Rail
Operator(s) National Express East Anglia
c2c
Depot(s) Ilford
Clacton-on-Sea
Rolling stock Class 90
Class 170 "Turbostar"
Class 315
Class 321
Class 360 "Desiro"
Technical
No. of tracks 2-4
Track gauge Standard gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 12 in)
Electrification 25kV 50hz AC OHLE
Operating speed 100 mph (160 km/h)
Route map
Legend
Head station
Norwich
Junction both to and from left Continuation to right
Bittern & Wherry Lines and Crown Point TMD
Transverse water Bridge over water Transverse water
River Wensum (Trowse swing bridge)
Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Trowse
Junction to left Track turning from right
Unknown BSicon "exKBHFl" Unknown BSicon "eABZlg" Straight track
Norwich Victoria
Continuation to left Unknown BSicon "KRZo" Track turning right
Breckland Line via Wymondham
Transverse water Bridge over water Transverse water
River Yare
Unknown BSicon "AKRZo"
A47
Unknown BSicon "AKRZo"
A140
Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Swainsthorpe
Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Flordon
Unknown BSicon "exCONTr" Unknown BSicon "eABZlg"
To Wymondham
Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Forncett
Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Tivetshall
Unknown BSicon "eABZlf" Unknown BSicon "exCONTl"
Waveney Valley Line
Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Burston
Unknown BSicon "eABZlf" Unknown BSicon "exENDEl"
Scole
Station on track
Diss
Transverse water Bridge over water Transverse water
River Waveney
Unknown BSicon "eABZrg" Unknown BSicon "exCONTl"
Eye Branch
Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Mellis
Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Finningham
Straight track Unknown BSicon "exCONTg"
Mid-Suffolk Light Railway
Continuation to left Unknown BSicon "ABZdlg" Unknown BSicon "exABZrf"
Ipswich to Ely Line
Unknown BSicon "eCPICl" Unknown BSicon "exCPICre"
Haughley
Unknown BSicon "AKRZu"
A14
Station on track
Stowmarket
Transverse water Bridge over water Transverse water
River Gipping
Station on track
Needham Market
Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Claydon
Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Bramford
Junction from left Continuation to right
East Suffolk Line
Small non-passenger station on track
Ipswich Goods Yard
Unknown BSicon "eABZlf" Unknown BSicon "exCONTl"
to Lower Yard and Ipswich Docks
Non-passenger terminus from left Junction to right
Ipswich TMD
Station on track
Ipswich
Enter and exit tunnel
Stoke Tunnel
Unknown BSicon "eABZrg" Unknown BSicon "exKBHFr"
Ipswich Stoke Hill
Junction from left Continuation to right
Griffin Wharf branch (freight only)
Unknown BSicon "AKRZo"
A14
Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Bentley Church
Unknown BSicon "exCONTr" Unknown BSicon "eABZrd"
Hadleigh Railway
Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Bentley
Transverse water Bridge over water Transverse water
River Stour
Junction both to and from left Continuation to right
Mayflower Line
Station on track
Manningtree
Unknown BSicon "AKRZo"
A120
Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Ardleigh
Junction from left Continuation to right
Sunshine Coast Line
Station on track
Colchester
Non-passenger terminus from left Junction both to and from right
Colchester TMD
Transverse water Bridge over water Transverse water
River Colne
Station on track
Marks Tey
Continuation to left Junction to right
Gainsborough Line
Unknown BSicon "AKRZu"
A120
Unknown BSicon "eABZrg" Unknown BSicon "exCONTl"
Kelvedon and Tollesbury Light Railway
Station on track
Kelvedon
Straight track Unknown BSicon "exCONTg"
Witham-Maldon branch line
Continuation to left
Unknown BSicon "exABZdl" + Junction from right
Unknown BSicon "exSTRrf"
Braintree Branch Line
Station on track
Witham
Station on track
Hatfield Peverel
Transverse water Bridge over water Transverse water
River Chelmer
Station on track
Chelmsford
Large bridge
Chelmsford Viaduct
Unknown BSicon "AKRZu"
A12
Station on track
Ingatestone
Junction from left Continuation to right
Shenfield to Southend Line
Unknown BSicon "vSTRa"
Shenfield Junction
Unknown BSicon "vBHF"
Shenfield
Unknown BSicon "vÜST"
Unknown BSicon "vBHF-STR"
Brentwood
Unknown BSicon "vAKRZo"
M25 motorway
Unknown BSicon "vBHF-STR"
Harold Wood
Unknown BSicon "vAKRZo"
A127
Unknown BSicon "vSTR-ABZg+l" Non-passenger terminus from right
Gidea Park Carriage Sidings
Unknown BSicon "vBHF-STR"
Gidea Park
Unknown BSicon "vSTR-ABZg+l" Continuation to right
Romford to Upminster Line
Unknown BSicon "vBHF"
Romford
Unknown BSicon "vSTR-ABZgl" Non-passenger terminus from right
Romford OHL Depot
Unknown BSicon "veBHF-STR"
Crowlands (started but never opened)
Unknown BSicon "vBHF-STR"
Chadwell Heath
Unknown BSicon "vBHF-STR"
Goodmayes
Unknown BSicon "vBHF-STR"
Seven Kings
Unknown BSicon "exCONTr" Unknown BSicon "vABZgr+r-STR"
Fairlop Loop (junction now site of Ilford Depot)
Non-passenger terminus from left Unknown BSicon "vABZgr+r-STR"
Ilford Maintenance Depot & Bombardier Works
Unknown BSicon "vBHF-STR"
Ilford
Unknown BSicon "vAKRZu"
North Circular Road
Transverse water Unknown BSicon "vWBRÜCKE" Transverse water
River Roding
Unknown BSicon "vÜWBl"
Ilford Flyover
Unknown BSicon "vSTR-BHF"
Manor Park
Unknown BSicon "vSTR-ABZg+l" Continuation to right
London, Tilbury and Southend Railway
Continuation to left Unknown BSicon "vKRZu" Continuation to right
Gospel Oak to Barking Line
Unknown BSicon "vSTR-BHF"
Forest Gate
Unknown BSicon "vÜSTr"
Unknown BSicon "vSTR-BHF"
Maryland
Unknown BSicon "vÜSTl"
Continuation to left Unknown BSicon "vABZg+r-STR"
West Anglia (Temple Mills branch)
Unknown BSicon "vBHF"
Stratford Underground DLR Overground
Continuation to left Unknown BSicon "vABZgr-STR"
North London Line
Transverse water Unknown BSicon "vWBRÜCKE" Transverse water
River Lea
Non-passenger terminus from left Unknown BSicon "vABZg+r-STR"
Thornton Fields Carriage Sidings
Unknown BSicon "vAKRZo"
A12
Unknown BSicon "vSTR-ABZgl" Continuation to right
Bow Junction
Unknown BSicon "veBHF-STR"
Coborn Road (Closed 1946)
Transverse water Unknown BSicon "vWBRÜCKE" Transverse water
Regent's Canal
Unknown BSicon "veBHF-STR"
Globe Road (Closed 1916)
Continuation to left Unknown BSicon "vABZg+r-STR"
Lea Valley Lines, West Anglia Main Line
Unknown BSicon "veBHF-STR"
Bethnal Green (GEML platforms closed 1946)
Continuation to left Unknown BSicon "vKRZu" Continuation to right
East London Line (opened May 2010)
Unknown BSicon "veBHF-STR"
Bishopsgate Low Level (Closed 1916)
Unknown BSicon "vÜST"
Wheeler Street Junction
Unknown BSicon "vKBHFe"
Liverpool Street Underground

The Great Eastern Main Line (GEML, sometimes referred to as the East Anglia Main Line) is a 212 Kilometre (133 mi) major railway line of the British railway system, which connects Liverpool Street in the City of London with destinations in east London and the East of England, including Chelmsford, Colchester, Ipswich, Norwich and several coastal resorts such as Clacton-on-Sea and Walton-on-the-Naze.[1] It is primarily a commuter railway that also attracts business and leisure passengers, and a freight route.[2]

Contents

History

The earliest section of the line operated between Devonshire Street railway station (Mile End) and Romford from 1839 and was built by the Eastern Counties Railway (ECR). The London terminus was then moved to Bishopsgate railway station (initially known as Shoreditch) on 1 July 1840 and the line was extended out to Brentwood in the same year. A further 51 miles of route was added to link London with Colchester by 1843.[3] The original gauge for the line was 5 feet, but this was converted to standard gauge (4′8½″) in 1844.

The section of line between Colchester and Ipswich was built by the Eastern Union Railway to standard gauge and opened for passenger traffic on 15 June 1846 and the route to Norwich (Norwich Victoria railway station) opened in 1849.

Eastern Counties Railway and Eastern Union Railways and others were amalgamated to form the Great Eastern Railway in 1862.

The London terminus was again moved, this time to Liverpool Street on 2 February 1874.

The line was 'grouped' into the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923 and from 1948 formed part of the Eastern Region of British Railways.

In the 1930s a flyover was constructed just west of Ilford to switch the main and electric lines over, to enable main line trains to utilise Liverpool St's longer west side platforms without having to cross east side suburban traffic in the station throat. The new arrangement also facilitated cross-platform interchange with the Central line at Stratford, services commencing in 1946. Either side of Ilford Flyover, there are single-track connections between the slow and fast pairs of lines, with the westbound track extending to Manor Park railway station and just beyond. A short fifth platform face serves the track at Manor Park, but it sees no normal use. The eastbound track extends as far as Ilford, connecting with that station's fifth (bay) platform, which does see limited passenger operations. It was also envisaged that a flyover would be built at the country end of Gidea Park Carriage Sidings to switch Southend Victoria trains from the mains to the electrics, instead of at Shenfield London end junction as they do now.

Plans were drawn up in the 1930s to electrify the suburban lines from Liverpool Street to Shenfield at 1500 V DC and work was started on implementing this. However, the outbreak of the Second World War brought the project to a temporary halt and it was not until 1949 that the scheme was completed with electrification being extended to Chelmsford in 1956.[4]

The British Railways 1955 Modernisation Plan called for overhead line systems in Great Britain to be standardised at 25 kV AC. However, due to low clearances under bridges the route was electrified at 6.25 kV AC. The section between Liverpool Street and Southend Victoria was completed in November 1960. Extensive testing showed that smaller electrical clearances could be tolerated for the 25 kV system than originally thought necessary. As a result it was now possible to increase the voltage without having to either raise bridges or lower the tracks along the route to obtain larger clearances. The route between Liverpool Street and Southend Victoria was converted to 25 kV AC between 1976 and 1980[5] Electrification was extended to Norwich by 1986.

In 1986 it became part of Network SouthEast. Between 5 January 1997 and 31 March 2004, suburban and medium distance services were operated by First Great Eastern, while fast mainline services were operated by Anglia Railways. All services are now operated by National Express East Anglia.

Liverpool Street IECC replaced signal boxes at Bethnal Green (closed 1997), Bow (closed 1996), Stratford (GE panel closed 1997), Ilford (closed 1996), Romford (closed 1998), Gidea Park (closed 1998), Shenfield (closed 1992) and Chelmsford (closed 1994). The system uses BR Mark 3 solid state interlockings, predominantly four-aspect signals and a combination of GEC-Alsthom HW2000 and Smiths clamp-lock point machines.

The first signalbox to be closed and transferred to Liverpool Street IECC was Shenfield, which had only opened in 1982. The last boxes to be transferred were at Romford and Gidea Park, and were the oldest of those being transferred, having been opened under the GER/LNER 1924 resignalling scheme.

Accidents

  • 1905 - Witham rail crash; 11 killed, 71 injured
  • 1915 - Ilford rail crash; 10 killed, 500 injured

Infrastructure

The line is owned and maintained by Network Rail.[2] It is part of the Network Rail Strategic Route 7, is composed of SRS's 07.01, 07.02 and 07.03, and is classified as a primary line. The line has a loading gauge of W10 between Liverpool Street and Haughley junction and from there is W9 to Norwich. It has a line speed of between 80-100 mph.[6]

The main line is electrified at 25 kV AC using overhead wires and comes under the control of Romford Electrical Control Room. The branches to Upminster, Southend Victoria, Southminster, Braintree, Clacton-on-Sea, Walton-on-the-Naze and Harwich Town are also electrified.

In between Romford and Chadwell Heath there is a small Network Rail OLE depot adjacent to the Jutsums Lane overbridge. In addition at the London end of the depot is Network Rail's Electrical Control Room that controls the supply and switching of the OHL system for the whole of the former Anglia Region.

Signalling is controlled by two main signalling centres, Liverpool Street IECC (opened in 1992) and Colchester PSB (opened in December 1983). Liverpool Street IECC controls signalling up to Marks Tey, where it fringes with Colchester PSB, which has control to Norwich. There are also several small signal boxes that control local infrastructure, such as Ingatestone box, which has jurisdiction over several local level crossings.

Track layout

On leaving Liverpool Street, the route comprises two pairs of tracks, known as the Mains and the Electrics, with a further pair of tracks, the 'Suburbans', which carry the West Anglia Main Line alongside the GE to Bethnal Green Junction. It is possible for GE trains to use the 'Suburbans', but this is extremely rare because of the platform allocations at Liverpool Street.

From Bethnal Green the GE has four lines to Bow Junction, where there is a complex set of switches and crossings. A line from the LTS route joins the up electric and there are a further two lines, the up and down Temple Mills, giving access to the North London line and Temple Mills . The GE is six tracks up to the London end of Stratford and the junction to Temple Mills, and there are five lines through the station dropping to four at the country end.

A flyover just west of Ilford enables main line trains to utilise Liverpool St's longer west side platforms without having to cross east side suburban traffic in the station throat. This arrangement also facilitated cross-platform interchange with the Central line at Stratford. Either side of Ilford Flyover, there are single-track connections between the slow and fast pairs of lines, with the westbound track extending to Manor Park railway station and just beyond. A short fifth platform face serves the track at Manor Park, but it sees no normal use. The eastbound track extends as far as Ilford, connecting with that station's fifth (bay) platform, which does see limited passenger operations.

At Shenfield the line to Southend Victoria diverges and the main line route drops from four lines to two; this arrangement continues for the vast majority of the way to Norwich. There are several locations where the route has more than two lines, predominantly through stations such as Colchester and Ipswich, along with goods loops, such as at the London end of Ingatestone.

Stoke tunnel

The only railway tunnel on the Great Eastern Main Line is just to the south of the current Ipswich railway station. The 361 yd (330 m) long tunnel was built by Peter Bruff as part of the Ipswich to Ely Line. It was completed in 1846 and it is thought to be the earliest driven on a sharp continuous curve.[7] During the excavation of the tunnel many important fossils were uncovered, including rhinoceros, lion, and, mammoth; the site was known as the 'Stoke Bone Beds'.[8] The finds are considered important in understanding climate change during the Ice Age.[9] This tunnel had the trackbed lowered so the line could accommodate higher container trains.

Rolling stock

Electric locomotive-hauled inter-city trains on Norwich to London service. Electric multiple units for inner and outer suburban passenger trains and diesel multiple units for non-electrified lines. Electric and diesel hauled freight services.[2]

  • Class 315 - 320 seats across four cars. Maximum speed 75 mph (121 km/h)
  • Class 321 - 307 seats across four cars per trainset, 100 mph (161 km/h)
  • Class 360 (Desiro) - four cars per trainset, 100 mph (161 km/h)
  • Class 90 - Intercity express passenger trains, Maximum speed 110 mph, Running speed 100-105 mph
  • Class 170 - three cars per trainset, 100 mph (161 km/h) for Ipswich to Peterborough and Lowestoft services

Current developments

2011 DLR extension

In summer 2011, the DLR extension from Canning Town to Stratford Regional and Stratford International is expected to be complete. It is using the former North London Line alignment that runs beside the Jubilee Line and will directly link Stratford Regional to its international counterpart, local stations to the south and existing DLR branches in the Royal Docks.

International services from Stratford

Eurostar trains may serve Stratford International station when the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) extension to the station is completed in spring 2011 (see below).[10] It may also be served by other cross channel operators currently looking at using the line (see High Speed 1#Future operations for details). This would provide, via a short walk, an interchange between the Great Eastern Main Line services and High Speed services to continental Europe.

Crossrail

In 2018, Crossrail will be completed which will take over the Shenfield metro service and take it via a tunnel through central London and link up with the Great Western Main Line as far as Maidenhead and Heathrow Airport. The Crossrail service will interchange with remaining Great Eastern Main Line services at Liverpool Street (via new underground platforms), Stratford, Romford and Shenfield.

Proposed developments

The Greater Anglia RUS, published in December 2007 outlines a number of developments intended for the Great Eastern route. Other proposals have been announced separately.

  • 68 additional carriages to provide longer trains will be introduced between December 2009 and December 2011.[11]
  • Extension of platform 10A at Stratford to increase peak flow and capacity during the period 2009-2014.[12]
  • Additional path on the Colchester, Chelmsford and Southend routes during the period 2009-2014.[12]
  • A turn-back facility at Chadwell Heath during the period 2009-2014.[12]
  • A new station at Great Blakenham as part of the SnOasis development near Ipswich,[13] which received its final go-ahead on 6 November 2008.[14]
  • In 2014 the 'Shenfield Metro' service will be absorbed managed by Crossrail and it will form part of its cross-London service from 2018.[15]

Services

Nearly all trains are operated by the National Express Group, using the National Express East Anglia brand name.[1] The franchise began under the 'one' railway brand on 1 April 2004.[16] As of May 2007 two c2c services operate during the late evening to Barking.[2] This is a throwback to BR days when London Fenchurch Street closed early in the evening as a cost-saving exercise and all services operated from Liverpool Street.

Liverpool Street is the principal passenger destination, although Stratford, with connections to Canary Wharf, has grown in significance.[2]

Main line

Outer suburban and inter-city services utilise the main lines between Liverpool Street and Shenfield. Branch lines diverge at Romford, Shenfield, Witham, Marks Tey, Colchester, Ipswich, Stowmarket and Norwich,[1] with through services operating to some destinations. All services share the same tracks from Shenfield to Colchester.[2]

Station District Branches
London Liverpool Street City of London
Stratford Newham
Romford Havering Romford to Upminster Line: Upminster
Shenfield Brentwood Shenfield to Southend Line: Southend Victoria / Southminster
Ingatestone Brentwood
Chelmsford Chelmsford
Hatfield Peverel Braintree
Witham Braintree Braintree Branch Line: Braintree
Kelvedon Braintree
Marks Tey Colchester Gainsborough Line: Sudbury
Colchester Colchester Sunshine Coast Line: Colchester Town / Clacton-on-Sea / Walton-on-the-Naze
Manningtree Tendring Mayflower Line: Harwich Town
Ipswich Ipswich Felixstowe Branch Line: Felixstowe
East Suffolk Line: Lowestoft
Needham Market Mid Suffolk
Stowmarket Mid Suffolk Ipswich to Ely Line: Ely / Cambridge
Diss South Norfolk
Norwich Norwich Wherry Lines: Great Yarmouth / Lowestoft
Bittern Line: Sheringham
Breckland Line: Cambridge

The section between Stratford and Gidea Park follows the same route s the A118 road.

Shenfield metro

A high-frequency service operates on the slow lines between Liverpool Street and Shenfield serving suburban stations. The off-peak service consists of six trains an hour.[2] Some peak trains are scheduled to terminate at Ilford or Gidea Park.[2] The line is mostly within Greater London, with two stations in the Brentwood borough of Essex.

Station Zone District
London Liverpool Street 1 City of London
Stratford 3 Newham
Maryland 3 Newham
Forest Gate 3 Newham
Manor Park 3/4 Newham
Ilford 4 Redbridge
Seven Kings 4 Redbridge
Goodmayes 4 Redbridge
Chadwell Heath 5 Redbridge
Romford 6 Havering
Gidea Park 6 Havering
Harold Wood 6 Havering
Brentwood n/a Brentwood
Shenfield n/a Brentwood

References

  1. ^ a b c National Rail, Rail Services Around London & the South East, (2006)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Network Rail - Route 7 - Great Eastern (PDF)
  3. ^ "Eagle 61 :: Railway Guide books of the Eastern Counties Railway". http://www.curc.org.uk/eagle61railwayguide. Retrieved 2009-05-04. 
  4. ^ Wilmoth, VJ (1956). "British Railways Electrification". Civil Engineering and Public Works 51 (600): 660–661. 
  5. ^ Glover, John (2003). "Eastern Electric", Ian Allan, London. ISBN 0-7110-2934-2.
  6. ^ "Route 7 - Great Eastern". Network Rail. http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/RoutePlans/2009/Route%207%20-%20Great%20Eastern.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-22. 
  7. ^ Moffat, Hugh (1987). East Anglia's First Railways. Lavenham: Terence Dalton. ISBN 0-86138-038-X. 
  8. ^ "Mammoth on High Street". Seven Wondered of Ipswich. http://www.sevenwondersofipswich.co.uk/wonders/show.php?num=5. Retrieved 2010-03-30. 
  9. ^ "Collections:Geology". Ipswich Borough Council. http://www.ipswich.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=694&pageNumber=7. Retrieved 2010-03-30. 
  10. ^ "House of Lords, Hansard Report Column 147". Hansard. 19 Feb 2008. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldhansrd/text/80219-0004.htm. 
  11. ^ "11,000 Extra Seats To Be Provided For National Express East Anglia Customers With 188 Additional Carriages (Including 120 New Build Carriages)". National Express East Anglia. http://www.nationalexpresseastanglia.com/about_us/news/11_000_extra_seats_with_188_additional_carriages. 
  12. ^ a b c "Greater Anglia Route Utilisation Strategy". Network Rail. http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/rus%20documents/route%20utilisation%20strategies/greater%20anglia/great%20anglia%20rus.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-08. 
  13. ^ "Listening to residents and their concerns". Neil MacDonald. http://www.neilmacdonald.info/snoasis.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-06. 
  14. ^ "Final Government Approval". BBC news. 6 Nov 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/suffolk/7713164.stm. 
  15. ^ "London Reconnections: TfL Board Meeting Summary: DLR, Overground and Other Ways of Travelling". Londonreconnections.blogspot.com. 2008-10-02. http://londonreconnections.blogspot.com/2008/10/tfl-board-meeting-summary-dlr.html. Retrieved 2011-05-31. 
  16. ^ 'one' - Welcome to 'one'

Coordinates: 51°56′57″N 1°01′56″E / 51.9491°N 1.0323°E / 51.9491; 1.0323 (Great Eastern Main Line)


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