Ojibwa language

Infobox Language
name=Ojibwa language
nativename= "Ojibemowin"
pronunciation=/otʃɪpweːmowɪn/
states=Flag|Canada,
Flag|United States
region=Ontario, Manitoba and into Saskatchewan, with outlying groups as far west as British Columbia; in the United States, from Michigan westward to Montana
speakers=46,298 (32,460 in Canada; 13,838 in the United States)
familycolor=American
fam1=Algic
fam2=Algonquian
fam3=Central Algonquian
fam4=Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa
fam5=Ojibwa-Ottawa
script=Latin alphabet of various orthographies in Canada and the United States, and Ojibwe syllabics in Canada, and formerly, pictographs, and Great Lakes Aboriginal syllabics in the United States.

iso1=
iso2=

lc1=ojg|ld1=Eastern Ojibwa|ll1=Eastern Ojibwa language
lc2=ojc|ld2=Central Ojibwa|ll2=Central Ojibwa language
lc3=ojb|ld3=Northwestern Ojibwa|ll3=Northwestern Ojibwa language
lc4=ojw|ld4=Western Ojibwa|ll4=Western Ojibwa language
lc5=ciw|ld5=Chippewa|ll5=Chippewa language



Location of all Anishinaabe Reservations/Reserves and cities with an Anishinaabe population in North America, with diffusion rings about communities speaking the Anishinaabe language

The Ojibwa language (Chippewa Language, "Ojibwemowin", unicode|ᐅᒋᐺᒧᐎᓐ in Eastern Algonquian syllabics, or simply as Ojibwe) is the second most commonly spoken First Nations language in Canada (after Cree), [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=837928 Statistics Canada 2006] ] and the fourth most spoken in North America (behind Navajo, Inuit and Cree). It is one of the Algonquian languages of the Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language (or the Anishinaabe language or "Anishinaabemowin"), more specifically a major component of the Ojibwa-Ottawa language. However, it is also common for both the Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language and its branch, the Ojibwa-Ottawa language, to be simply referred as the Ojibwa language.

Geographic distribution

The Ojibwa language is spoken by approximately 46,298 people in North America and can be divided into five major dialects: the Chippewa language (Southwestern Ojibwa), Western Ojibwa language (Saulteaux language or Plains Ojibwa language), Northwestern Ojibwa language, Central Ojibwa language and Mississauga language (Eastern Ojibwa language). It is spoken by 13,838 people in the United Stateshttp://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-5-pt1.pdf U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population and Housing,"Characteristics of American Indians and Alaska Natives by Tribe and Language: 2000". PHC-5. Washington, DC, 2003.] and by as many as 32,460 in Canada, making it one of the largest Algic languages by speakers. The various dialects are spoken in northern Montana, northern North Dakota, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin and northern Michigan in the United States, and north into eastern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba and Ontario in Canada.

Phonology

As with other members of the Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language, the Ojibwe language generally have 18 consonants. Obstruents are often said to have a lenis/fortis contrast, where those written as voiceless are pronounced more strongly, significantly longer in duration, and often aspirated or pre-aspirated, while those written as voiced are pronounced less strongly and significantly shorter in duration. For many communities, however, the distinction has become a simple voiced/voiceless one.

There are three short vowels, IPA|/i a o/, and three corresponding long vowels, IPA|/iː aː oː/, as well as a fourth long vowel which lacks a corresponding short vowel, IPA|/eː/. The short vowels differ in quality as well as quantity from the long vowels, are phonetically closer to IPA| [ɪ] , IPA| [ə] ~ [ʌ] , and IPA| [o] ~ [ʊ] . IPA|/oː/ is pronounced IPA| [uː] for many speakers, and IPA|/eː/ is for many IPA| [ɛː] . There are also nasal vowels, which are comparatively rare.

With regards to stress, the Ojibwa language divides words into metrical "feet," each foot containing a strong syllable and (if two-syllables long) a weak syllable. The strong syllables all receive at least secondary stress. In general, the strong syllable in the third foot from the end of a word receives the primary stress. In many dialects, initial unstressed vowels are frequently lost, while the in some dialects all unstressed vowels may change quality or may be lost.

Grammar

Like other members of the Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language, the Ojibwa language is polysynthetic, meaning it exhibits a great deal of synthesis and a very high morpheme-to-word ratio. It is agglutinating, and thus builds up words by stringing morpheme after morpheme together, rather than having several affixes, each of which carry numerous different pieces of information.

There is a distinction between two different types of third person, the "proximate" (the third person deemed more important or in-focus) and the "obviative" (the third person deemed less important or out-of-focus). Nouns can be singular or plural, and one of two genders, animate or inanimate. Separate personal pronouns exist, but are usually used for emphasis; they distinguish inclusive and exclusive first person plurals.

Verbs constitute the most complex word class. Verbs are inflected for one of three "orders" ("indicative", the default, "conjunct", used for participles and in subordinate clauses, and "imperative", used with commands), as negative or affirmative, and for the person, number, animacy, and proximate/obviative status of both its subject and object, as well as for several different "modes" (including the "dubitative" and "preterit") and tenses.

Vocabulary

Although it does contain a few loans from English (e.g. "gaapii", "coffee," ) and French (e.g. "mooshwe", "handkerchief" (from "mouchoir"), [cite web |url=http://bolt.lakeheadu.ca/~jomeara/ojibweBorrowings.html |title=Words Borrowed From English/French Into Ojibwe |author=O'Meara, John |accessdate=2008-05-30] "ni-tii", "tea" (from "le thé", "the tea")), in general, the Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language is notable for its relative lack of borrowing from other languages. Instead, speakers far prefer to create words for new concepts from existing vocabulary. For example in Minnesota "Ojibwemowin", "airplane" is "bemisemagak", literally "thing that flies" (from "bimisemagad", "to fly"), and "battery" is "ishkode-makakoons", literally "little fire-box" (from "ishkode", "fire," and "makak", "box"). Even "coffee" is called "makade-mashkikiwaaboo" ("black liquid-medicine") by many speakers, rather than "gaapii". These new words vary from region to region, and occasionally from community to community. For example, in Northwest Ontario "Ojibwemowin", "airplane" is "ombaasijigan", literally "device that gets uplifted by the wind" (from "ombaasin", "to be uplifted by the wind") oppose to the Minnesota's "bemisemagak".

Like any language dialects spanning vast regions, some words that may have had identical meaning at one time have evolved to have different meanings today. For example, "zhooniyaans" (literally "small [-amount of] money" and used to refer to coins) specifically means "dime" (10-cent piece) in the United States, but a "quarter" (25-cent piece) in Canada, or "desabiwin" (literally "thing to sit upon") means "couch" or "chair" in Canada, but is used to specifically mean a "saddle" in the United States.

Cases like "battery" and "coffee" also demonstrate the often great difference between the literal meanings of the individual morphemes in a word, and the overall meaning of the entire word.

Well-known speakers of Anishinaabemowin

*Jim Clark (elder, narrator)
*George Copway (chief, missionary, writer, cultural ambassador)
*Basil H. Johnston (educator, curator, essayist, cultural ambassador)
*Peter Jones (missionary, reverend, chief)
*Maude Kegg (narrator, artist, cultural ambassador)
*Howard Kimewon (educator, author)
*Patricia Ningewance Nadeau (educator, author, publisher)
*Margaret Noori (educator, writer)
*Jim Northrup (writer)
*Anton Treuer (educator, writer)

ee also

*Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
*Algonquian languages
*List of languages
*Ojibwa
*Anishinaabe
*Anishinaabe language dialects
*Ojibwe phonology
*Ojibwe grammar
*Ojibwe writing systems

References

* Mithun, Marianne. 1999. "The Languages of Native North America". Cambridge: University Press.
* Nichols, John D. and Earl Nyholm. 1995. "A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe". Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
* Rhodes, Richard A. 1985. "Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary". Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
* Valentine, J. Randolph. 2001. "Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar". Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Notes

Further reading

* Beardy, Tom. "Introductory Ojibwe in Severn dialect. Parts one and two". Thunder Bay, Ontario: Native Language Instructors' program, Lakehead University, 1996. ISBN 0886630185
* Cappel, Constance, editor, "Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima," Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2006.
* Northrup, Jim, Marcie R. Rendon, and Linda LeGarde Grover. "Nitaawichige = "to Do Something Skillfully" : Selected Poetry and Prose by Four Anishinaabe Writers". Duluth, Minn: Poetry Harbor, 2002. ISBN 1886895287
* Toulouse, Isadore. "Kidwenan An Ojibwe Language Book". Munsee-Delaware Nation, Ont: Anishinaabe Kendaaswin Pub, 1995. ISBN 1896027164
* Vizenor, Gerald Robert. "Summer in the Spring Anishinaabe Lyric Poems and Stories". American Indian literature and critical studies series, v. 6. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. ISBN 0806125187
* Williams, Angeline, Leonard Bloomfield, and John Nichols. "The Dog's Children Anishinaabe Texts". Winnipeg, Man: University of Manitoba Press, 1991. ISBN 0887551483

External links

* [http://www.ojibwe.net/ Noongwa e-Anishinaabemjig: People Who Speak Anishinaabemowin Today] - hosted at the University of Michigan
* [http://www.ojibwemowin.com/ Ojibwe Language Society]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ojibwelanguagesocietymiinawaa/ Ojibwe Language Group]
* [http://imp.lss.wisc.edu/~jrvalent/ais301/index.html Rand Valentine's introduction to Ojibwe]
* [http://weshki.googlepages.com/index.html Grammar, lessons, and dictionaries]
* [http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary] — Freeware off-line dictionary, updated with additional entries every 6-10 weeks.
* [http://www.language-museum.com/o/ojibwa.htm Language Museum report for Ojibwe]
* [http://www.fp.ucalgary.ca/howed/abor_lang.htm Aboriginal Languages of Canada] — With data on speaker populations
* [http://www.languagegeek.com/algon/ojibway/anishinaabemowin.html Language Geek Page on Ojibwe] — Syllabary fonts and keyboard emulators are also available from this site.
* [http://cal.bemidjistate.edu/english/donovan/placenames.html Ojibwe Toponyms]
* [http://www.sicc.sk.ca/heritage/sils/ourlanguages/saulteaux/saulteaux.html Our Languages: Nakawē] (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
* [http://cal.bemidjistate.edu/english/donovan/Two_Women.html Niizh Ikwewag] — A short story in Ojibwe, originally told by Earl Nyholm, emeritus professor of Ojibwe at Bemidji State University.
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91082 Ethnologue report for Ojibwe]
* [http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/document/curricul/ojibwe.pdf Native Languages: A Support Document for the Teaching of Language Patterns, Ojibwe and Cree]
* [http://www.native-languages.org/ojibwe.htm Native Languages page for Ojibwe]
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89851668 Letter Men: Brothers Fight for Ojibwe Language] , a story broadcasted on Fresh Air, a National Public Radio broadcast show.
* [http://www.bemaadizing.org/ Bemaadizing: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Indigenous Life] (An online journal)