Fraxinus nigra

Taxobox
name = "Fraxinus nigra"
status = LC


image_width = 240px
image_caption =
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Magnoliopsida
ordo = Lamiales
familia = Oleaceae
genus = "Fraxinus"
species = "F. nigra"
binomial = "Fraxinus nigra"
binomial_authority = Marshall

"Fraxinus nigra" (Black Ash) is a species of "Fraxinus" (ash) native to much of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, from western Newfoundland west to southeastern Manitoba, and south to Illinois and northern Virginia.Germplasm Resources Information Network: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?301 "Fraxinus nigra"] ]

It is a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching 15–20 m (exceptionally 26 m) tall with a trunk up to 60 cm (exceptionally 160 cm) diameter. The bark is grey, thick and corky even on young trees, becoming scaly and fissured with age. The winter buds are dark brown to blackish, with a velvety texture. The leaves are opposite, pinnate, with 7–13 (most often 9) leaflets; each leaf is 20–45 cm long, the leaflets 7–16 cm long and 2.5–5 cm broad, with a finely toothed margin. The leaflets are sessile, directly attached to the rachis without a petiolule. The flowers are produced in spring shortly before the new leaves, in loose panicles; they are inconspicuous with no petals, and are wind-pollinated. The fruit is a samara 2.5–4.5 cm long comprising a single seed 2 cm long with an elongated apical wing 1.5–2 cm long and 6–8 mm broad.New Brunswick tree and shrub: [http://scf.rncan.gc.ca/subsite/mx-212/blackash "Fraxinus nigra"] ] Virtual Herbarium of the Chicago Region: [http://www.vplants.org/plants/species/species.jsp?gid=17018 "Fraxinus nigra"] ] USDA Forest Service Silvics Manual: [http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/fraxinus/nigra.htm "Fraxinus nigra"] ]

Ecology

It commonly occurs in swamps, often with the closely related Green Ash. The fall foliage is yellow. Black Ash is one of the first trees to lose its leaves in the fall.

Black Ash is a food plant for the larvae of several species of Lepidoptera; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on ashes.

Uses

The wood is used by Native Americans of the North East for making baskets and other devices. The Shakers also made extensive use of the Black Ash for creating baskets. Also called Basket Ash, Brown Ash, Swamp Ash, hoop ash, and water ash.It is also a popular wood for making guitars and basses, due to its good resonant qualities. [ [http://www.jemsite.com/jem/wood.htm Guitar Wood FAQ - Wood Types & Tones ] ]

Creating Basket Strips

Black ash is unique among all trees in North America in that it does not have fibers connecting the growth rings to each other. This has a wonderful implication for basket makers. Temperate trees form annual growth rings of two types of wood. Spring wood is rapidly laid down early in the growing season and is weak. Summer wood is laid down slowly in the summer and fall, and is much darker and tougher. By literally pounding on the wood with a mallet, the spring wood is crushed, allowing the summer wood to be peeled off in long strips. The absence of the connecting fibers is what allows the summer wood strips to separate. It is these long strips that are trimmed and cleaned and then used in basket weaving.

References