- Particle detector
In experimental and applied
particle physics andnuclear engineering , a particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device used to detect, track, and/or identify high-energy particles, such as those produced bynuclear decay ,cosmic radiation , or reactions in aparticle accelerator . Modern detectors are also used as calorimeters to measure the energy of the detected radiation. They may also be used to measure other attributes such as momentum, spin, charge etc. of the particles.Description
Detectors designed for modern accelerators are huge, both in size and in cost. The term "
counter " is often used instead of "detector", when the detector counts the particles but does not resolve its energy or ionization. Particle detectors usually can also track ionizing radiation (high energyphoton s or even visiblelight ). If their main purpose is radiation measurement, they are called "radiation detectors", but as photons are also (massless) particles, the term "particle detector" is still correct.Examples and types
Many of the detectors invented and used so far are ionization detectors (of which
gaseous ionization detector s andsemiconductor detector s are most typical) andscintillation detector s; but other, completely different principles have also been applied, like Cherenkov light and transition radiation.Historical Examples
*Bubble chamber
* Wilson cloud chamber,Diffusion chamber Detectors for Radiation Protection
*Dosimeter
*Electroscope (miniature electroscopes are used as portable dosimeters)Commonly used detectors for Particle and Nuclear Physics
* Calorimeter
*Time of flight detector
*Photographic plate s
*Cherenkov detector ,Aerogel detector
**RICH (Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector)
*Transition radiation detector
*Scintillation counter and associatedPhotomultiplier orPhotodiode /Avalanche photodiode
**Lucas cell
*Semiconductor detector
*Gaseous ionization detectors
**Ionization chamber ,Proportional counter ,Geiger-Müller tube
**Drift chamber ,Jet chamber
**MicroStrip Gas Chamber (MSGC )
**Multiwire Proportional Chamber (MWPC )
**Resistive Plate Chamber
**Spark chamber ,Wire chamber
**Straw chamber
**Streamer tube
**Time projection chamber (TPC)
*Z-sensitive Ionization and Phonon Detector coupledSuperconducting Transition Edge Sensor s (ZIP detectors)Modern detectors
Modern detectors in particle physics combine several of the above elements in layers much like an
onion .Installations of particle detectors
At colliders
* At
CERN
**for the LHC
***CMS
***ATLAS
***ALICE
***LHCb
**for the LEP
*** Aleph [http://teachers.web.cern.ch/teachers/archiv/HST2001/detectors/trackdata/ALEPH.htm]
*** Delphi [http://delphiwww.cern.ch/]
*** L3
*** Opal [http://opal.web.cern.ch/Opal]
**for the SPS
***The COMPASS Experiment
*** [http://hepweb.rl.ac.uk/ppUKpics/POW/pr_980624.html Gargamelle]
*** [http://na49info.cern.ch NA49]
*AtFermilab
**for theTevatron
*** [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/fermidet.html CDF]
*** [http://www-d0.fnal.gov/ D0]
*AtDESY
**for HERA
***H1
***HERA-B
***HERMES
***ZEUS
*At BNL
**for theRHIC
***PHENIX
***Phobos (physics)
*** [http://www.star.bnl.gov STAR]
*AtSLAC
**for the [http://www.slac.stanford.edu/grp/ad/ADPEPII/ADPEPII.html PeP-II]
*** BaBar
**for the [http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/experiments/slc.html SLC]
*** [http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/detectors.html SLD]
*At Cornell
**for CESR
***CLEO
***CUSB
*Others
** [http://meco.ps.uci.edu/ MECO] fromUC Irvine Without colliders
*
Super-Kamiokande
*AMANDA] eiectronee also
*
List of particles External articles and references
;Filmstrips
* "Radiation detectors". H. M. Stone Productions, Schloat. Tarrytown, N.Y., Prentice-Hall Media, 1972.;General Information
* [http://rd11.web.cern.ch/RD11/rkb/titleD.html The Particle Detector BriefBook]
* [http://www.lns.cornell.edu/~adf4/cloud.html How to Build a Cloud Chamber]
*cite conference
last=Grupen | first=C.
title=Physics of Particle Detection
booktitle=AIP Conference Proceedings, Instrumentation in Elementary Particle Physics, VIII
pages=3–34 | volume=536
publisher=Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co.
date=June 28-July 10 1999 | location=Istanbul
doi=10.1063/1.1361756
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См. также в других словарях:
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particle detector — noun a chamber in which particles can be made visible • Hypernyms: ↑chamber • Hyponyms: ↑bubble chamber, ↑cloud chamber, ↑Wilson cloud chamber, ↑spark chamber, ↑spark counter … Useful english dictionary
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Zeus (particle detector) — ZEUS is a particle detector that was operation at HERA ( Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage ) in DESY, Hamburg. It began operating together with HERA in 1992 and was functional until HERA was decommissioned in June 2007. Leptons (electrons or positrons) … Wikipedia
H1 (particle detector) — H1 is a particle detector in operation at HERA ( Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage ) in DESY, Hamburg. It began operating together with HERA in 1992. Leptons (electrons or positrons) are collided with protons by HERA in the interaction point of H1. H1… … Wikipedia
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