List of Antarctic expeditions

This List of Antarctic expeditions is a chronological list of expeditions involving Antarctica.

Pre-expedition

*600 - 300 BCE Greek Philosophers theorize Spherical Earth with the antipodes North and South Polar regions.
*150 CE Ptolemy published Geographia, which notes Terra Australis Incognita

Pre-1800s

*1487 Bartolomeu Dias first to sail around Cape of Good Hope crosses (40° S)
*1497 Vasco da Gama sails to White River, South Africa
*1522 Ferdinand Magellan - first circumnavigation discovers Strait of Magellan (54º S)
*1525 Francisco de Hoces, member of the Loaísa Expedition - thought to see "Land's End" (56º S)
*1578 Francis Drake discovers Drake Passage
*1599 Dirk Gerritsz - potentially sails to (64° S)
*1603 Gabriel de Castilla - potentially sails to (64° S)
*1615 Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten first to sail around Cape Horn cross (56° S)
*1619 Garcia de Nodal expedition – circumnavigate Tierra del Fuego and discover Diego Ramirez Islands (coord|56|30|S|68|43|W)
*1642 – 1643 Abel Tasman discovers New Zealand and Tasmania (44° S)
*1675 Anthony de la Roché discovers South Georgia (coord|54|15|00|S|36|45|00|W|), the first ever land discovered south of the Antarctic Convergence
*1698 – 1699 Edmond Halley sails to (52° S)
*1720 Captain George Shelvocke – sails to (61° 30’S)
*1739 Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier – discovers Bouvet Island (coord|54|26|S|3|24|E|)
*1771 James Cook – HM Bark Endeavour expedition
*1771 – 1772 First French Antarctic Expedition - led by Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec discovers Kerguelen Islands (coord|49|15|S|69|35|E|)
*1772 - 1775 James Cook – sails HMS Resolution crossing Antarctic Circle in January 1773 and December 1773. On 30 January 1774 he reaches 71°10’ S, his Farthest South, coming within about 75 miles of the Antarctic mainland.

1800s

*1819 William Smith discovers South Shetland Islands (coord|62|00|S|058|00|W|), the first ever land discovered south of 60° south latitude.
*1819 San Telmo wrecks in the Drake Passage off Livingston Island
*1819 – 1821 Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen – on January 27, 1820, discovers Antarctica mainland at Princess Martha Coast (coord|69|21|28|S|2|14|50|W|)
*1820 Edward Bransfield & William Smith – on January 30, 1820, sight Trinity Peninsula (coord|63|37|S|058|20|W|)
*1820 Nathaniel Palmer sights Antarctica on November 17, 1820
*1821 John Davis – on February 7, 1821 disputed claim of setting foot on Antarctica at Hughes Bay (coord|64|13|S|61|20|W|)
*1823 – 1824 James Weddell – on February 20, 1823 his ship Jane (160 tons) reached a new Farthest South of 74°15’ S (coord|74|15|S|30|12|W|)
*1830 – 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition – sight Enderby Land (coord|67|30|S|53|0|E|) and Adelaide Island (coord|67.25|S|68.5|W|)
*1837 – 1840 Second French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jules Dumont d'Urville discovers Adelie Land (66° S)
*1838 – 1839 John Balleny discovers Balleny Islands (coord|66|55|S|163|45|E|)
*1838 – 1842 United States Exploring Expedition – led by Charles Wilkes to Antarctic Peninsula (coord|69|30|S|065|00|W|) and eastern Antarctica
*1839 – 1843 James Clark Ross discovered the Ross Ice Shelf, Ross Sea, Mount Erebus, Mount Terror and Victoria Land; extended his Farthest South to 78°10’ S on 23 January 1842
*1892 - 1893 (Jason expedition with Carl Anton Larsen, 1st person to ski in Antarctica)
*1892 – 1893 Dundee Whaling Expedition discover Dundee Island (coord|63|30|S|055|55|W|)
*1893 - 1894 (Whaling Expedition with Carl Anton Larsen)
*1893 – 1895 Henryk Bull, Carstens Borchgrevink and Alexander von Tunzelmann – set foot on Antarctica at Cape Adare
*1897 – 1899 Belgian Antarctic Expedition – led by Adrien de Gerlache
*1898 – 1900 Southern Cross Expedition, Carsten Borchgrevink – sails to Cape Adare, winters on Antarctica and takes Farthest South on 16 February 1900 at 78°50’ S

1900s

* 1901 — 1904 Discovery Expedition - led by Robert Falcon Scott, on December 30, 1903, reached (82° 17’S)
* 1901 — 1903 Gauss expedition (or First German Antarctic Expedition) - led by Erich von Drygalski
* 1901 — 1903 Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by Otto Nordenskjöld with captain Carl Anton Larsen
* 1902 — 1904 Scottish National Antarctic Expedition – led by William Speirs Bruce
* 1903 — 1905 Third French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
* 1907 — 1909 Nimrod Expedition – On January 9, 1909, Ernest Shackleton reached 88'23S (Farthest South), and on January 16, 1909, Professor Edgeworth David reached the South Magnetic Pole at (coord|72|25|S|155|16|E) (mean position)
* 1908 — 1910 Fourth French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
* 1910 — 1912 Japanese Antarctic Expedition - led by Nobu Shirase
* 1910 — 1912 Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition - On December 14, 1911, reached the South Pole (90° S)
* 1910 — 1913 Terra Nova Expedition - On January 17, 1912, Robert Falcon Scott, reached the South Pole (90° S)
* 1911 — 1913 Second German Antarctic Expedition - led by Wilhelm Filchner
* 1911 — 1914 Australasian Antarctic Expedition – led by Douglas Mawson
* 1914 — 1916 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton
* 1914 — 1917 Ross Sea Party – led by Aeneas Mackintosh :: The last expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
* 1921 — 1922 Shackleton-Rowett Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton
* 1929 — 1931 British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition
* 1928 — 1930 Richard Evelyn Byrd - First expedition
* 1931 H Halvorsen - discovered Princess Astrid Coast
* 1931 Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen - flew over Antarctica, discovered Kronprins Olav Kyst

* 1933 — 1935 Richard Evelyn Byrd - Second expedition
* 1933 — 1939 Lincoln Ellsworth – Aircraft expedition
* 1934 — 1937 British Graham Land Expedition
* 1936 Lars Christensen - dropped Norwegian flag over Prince Harald Coast
* 1938 Third German Antarctic Expedition (New Swabia, or "Neuschwabenland", claimed for Nazi Germany) - led by Alfred Ritscher
* 1939 — 1941 United States Antarctic Service Expedition – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd
* 1943 — 1945 Operation Tabarin - led by Lieutenant James Marr
* 1946 — 1946 Operation Highjump – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd
* 1947 — First Chilean Antarctic Expedition
* 1947 — 1948 Operation Windmill – led by Commander Gerald Ketchum
* 1947 — 1946 Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition – led by Finn Ronne
* 1949 — 1952 Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by John Giaever
* 1955 — 1956 Operation Deep Freeze - led by Richard Evelyn Byrd
* 1955 — 1957 1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Mikhail Somov
* 1956 Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station established
* 1956 — 1958 Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Vivian Fuchs
* 1956 — 1958 2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksei Treshnikov
* 1957 — 1958 International Geophysical Year
* 1957 Scott Base established
* 1957 — 1958 Luncke Expedition
* 1957 — 1959 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Yevgeny Tolstikov
* 1958 — 1960 4th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksandr Dralkin
* 1959 — 1961 5th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Yevgeny Korotkevich
* 1960 South African National Antarctic Expedition
* 1960 — 1962 6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Driatsky
* 1961 — 1963 7th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksandr Dralkin
* 1962 — 1962 Vostok traverse - led by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE)
* 1962 — 1964 8th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Mikhail Somov
* 1963 — 1965 9th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Mikhail Somov
* 1964 — 1966 10th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by M.Ostrekin, I.Petrov
* 1965 — 1967 11th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, Leonid Dubrovin
* 1966 — 1968 12th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
* 1967 — 1969 13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksei Treshnikov
* 1968 — 1970 14th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, Ernst Krenkel
* 1969 — 1971 15th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
* 1970 — 1972 16th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by I.Petrov and Yury Tarbeyev
* 1971 — 1973 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Yevgeny Korotkevich, V.Averyanov
* 1972 — 1974 18th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Pavel Senko
* 1973 — 1975 19th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, V.Ignatov
* 1974 — 1976 20th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Serdyukov, N.Kornilov
* 1975 — 1977 21st Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by O.Sedov, G.Bardin
* 1976 — 1978 22nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Tyabin, Leonid Dubrovin
* 1977 — 1979 23rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Serdyukov, O.Sedov
* 1978 — 1980 24th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by A.Artemyev, O.Sedov
*1979 Air New Zealand Flight 901 – airplane crash
* 1979 — 1980 25th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Kornilov, N.Tyabin
* 1980 — 1981 Transglobe Expedition - led by Ranulph Fiennes
* 1980 — 1982 26th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Serdyukov, V.Shamontyev
* 1981 — 1983 27th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, R.Galkin
* 1982 Falkland Islands War
* 1982 — 1984 28th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Kornilov, A.Artemyev
* 1983 — 1985 29th Soviet Antarctic Expedition - led by N.Tyabin, L.Bulatov
* 1984 - 1985 1st Uruguayan Antarctic Expedition - Antarkos I Led by Lt.Col. Omar Porciúncula
* 1984 — 1986 30th Soviet Antarctic Expedition - led by D.Maksutov, R.Galkin
* 1985 — 1987 31st Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Tyabin, V.Dubovtsev
* 1986 — 1988 32nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Klokov, V.Vovk
* 1987 Iceberg B-9 calves and carries away Little Americas I - III
* 1987 — 1989 33rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.A.Kornilov, Yu.A.Khabarov
* 1987 — 1988 First Bulgarian Antarctic Expedition — St. Kliment Ohridski Base established
* 1988 — 1990 34th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by S.M.Pryamikov, L.V.Bulatov
* 1989 — 1991 35th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.M.Piguzov
* 1991 — 1992 36th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Lev Savatyugin
* 1996 Lake Vostok discovered

2000s

* 2004 BELARE Expedition
* 2004 – 2005 Tangra 2004/05 created Camp Academia.
* 2004 - 2005 AGASEA/BBAS joint U.S.-U.K. aerogeophysical survey of the Amundsen Sea Embayment.
* 2005 BELARE 2005 Logistics Survey Expedition
* 2006 – 2007 [http://www.teamn2i.com/ Team n2i] Kite Skiing expedition to the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility. Rupert Longsdon, Henry Cookson, Rory Sweet and guide Paul Landry.
* 2007 [http://www.britishgrahamlandexpedition2007.co.uk/ British Graham Land Expedition] Independent Mountaineering expedition to the Antarctic Peninsula.
* 2007 Independent South African expedition by explorers Sibusiso Vilane and Alex Harris.
* 2007 - 2008 Norwegian-U.S. Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica [http://traverse.npolar.no/]

Agreements

* 1959 Antarctic Treaty System
* 1964 Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
* 1978 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
* 1982 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
* 1988 Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
* 1998 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

ee also

*Farthest South
*Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions
*History of Antarctica
*List of research stations in Antarctica
*List of Antarctic expeditions by the Soviet Union
*History of research ships
*List of Arctic expeditions

References

*Savatyugin, L.M., Preobrazhenskaya, M.A. "Russian Exploration of Antarctica" ( _ru. Российские исследования в Антарктике), published by Gidrometeoizdat, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russian Federation (Roshydromet), in 3 volumes ( [http://www.aari.nw.ru/misc/publicat/docs/savatugin/savatugin.htm vol.1] :1st to 20th SAE; [http://www.aari.nw.ru/misc/publicat/docs/savatugin2/savatugin.htm vol.2] :21st to 30th SAE; [http://www.aari.nw.ru/misc/publicat/docs/savatugin3/savatugin.htm vol.3] :31st SAE to 40th RAE), Saint Petersburg, 1999, ISBN 5-286-01265-5
*"Soviet Antarctic Expedition" : information bulletin., Amsterdam: Elsevier Pub. Co. ; New York: American Elsevier Pub. Co., 1964-, ISSN 0038-5271

Further reading

* Headland, Robert K. (1990). "Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30903-4
*Landis, Marilyn J. (2003). "Antarctica: Exploring the Extreme: 400 Years of Adventure". Chicago Review Press. ISBN 1-55652-480-3

External links

* [http://www.fram.museum.no/en/default.asp?page=159 Map of Antarctic Expeditions 1772 - 1931] at The Fram Museum (Frammuseet)
* [http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/expeditions/ Index to Antarctic Expeditions] - at the Scott Polar Research Institute's website
* [http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/data/access/bedmap/database/bibliography.html Antarctic Expeditions] - information about some of them from the British Antarctic Survey
* [http://www.antarctic-circle.org/timeline.htm Chronologies and Timelines of Antarctic Exploration]

References