Fishery

Fishery
A salmon fishery with salmon spawning within the Becharof Wilderness in southern Alaska.

Generally, a fishery is an entity engaged in raising and/or harvesting fish, which is determined by some authority to be a fishery.[1] According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features".[2] The definition often includes a combination of fish and fishers in a region, the latter fishing for similar species with similar gear types.[3]

A fishery may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish through fish farming or aquaculture.[2][4] Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture. Overfishing, including the taking of fish beyond sustainable levels, is reducing fish stocks and employment in many world regions.[5][6]

Contents

The term "fish"

  • In fisheries – the term fish is used as a collective term, and includes mollusks, crustaceans and any aquatic animal which is harvested.[2]
  • True fish – The strict biological definition of a fish, above, is sometimes called a true fish. True fish are also referred to as finfish or fin fish to distinguish them from other aquatic life harvested in fisheries or aquaculture.

Types

Fisheries are harvested for their value (commercial, recreational or subsistence). They can be saltwater or freshwater, wild or farmed. Examples are the salmon fishery of Alaska, the cod fishery off the Lofoten islands, the tuna fishery of the Eastern Pacific, or the shrimp farm fisheries in China. Capture fisheries can be broadly classified as industrial scale, small-scale or artisanal, and recreational.

Close to 90% of the world’s fishery catches come from oceans and seas, as opposed to inland waters. These marine catches have remained relatively stable since the mid-nineties (between 80 and 86 million tonnes).[9] Most marine fisheries are based near the coast. This is not only because harvesting from relatively shallow waters is easier than in the open ocean, but also because fish are much more abundant near the coastal shelf, due to the abundance of nutrients available there from coastal upwelling and land runoff. However, productive wild fisheries also exist in open oceans, particularly by seamounts, and inland in lakes and rivers.

Most fisheries are wild fisheries, but farmed fisheries are increasing. Farming can occur in coastal areas, such as with oyster farms,[10] but more typically occur inland, in lakes, ponds, tanks and other enclosures.

There are species fisheries worldwide for finfish, mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms, and by extension, aquatic plants such as kelp. However, a very small number of species support the majority of the world’s fisheries. Some of these species are herring, cod, anchovy, tuna, flounder, mullet, squid, shrimp, salmon, crab, lobster, oyster and scallops. All except these last four provided a worldwide catch of well over a million tonnes in 1999, with herring and sardines together providing a harvest of over 22 million metric tons in 1999. Many other species are harvested in smaller numbers.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Fletcher, WJ; Chesson, J; Fisher, M; Sainsbury KJ; Hundloe, T; Smith, ADM and Whitworth, B (2002) The "How To" guide for wild capture fisheries. National ESD reporting framework for Australian fisheries: FRDC Project 2000/145. Page 119–120.
  2. ^ a b c FAO: Fisheries glossary
  3. ^ Madden, CJ and Grossman, DH (2004) A Framework for a Coastal/Marine Ecological Classification Standard. NatureServe, page 86. Prepared for NOAA under Contract EA-133C-03-SE-0275
  4. ^ NOAA: Fisheries glossary p. 24.
  5. ^ C.Michael Hogan (2010) Overfishing, Encyclopedia of earth, topic ed. Sidney Draggan, ed. in chief C. Cleveland, National Council on Science and the Environment (NCSE), Washington DC
  6. ^ Fisheries and Aquaculture in our Changing Climate Policy brief of the FAO for the UNFCCC COP-15 in Copenhagen, December 2009.
  7. ^ Nelson, Joseph S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. pp. 2. ISBN 0471250317. 
  8. ^ Jr.Cleveland P Hickman, Larry S. Roberts, Allan L. Larson: Integrated Principles of Zoology, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co, 2001, ISBN 0-07-290961-7
  9. ^ "Scientific Facts on Fisheries". GreenFacts Website. 2009-03-02. http://www.greenfacts.org/en/fisheries/index.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-25. 
  10. ^ New Zealand Seafood Industry Council. Mussel Farming.

References

External links


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Look at other dictionaries:

  • fishery — fish‧e‧ry [ˈfɪʆəri] noun fisheries PLURALFORM 1. [uncountable] the fishing industry: • the agriculture, forest and fishery sectors of the economy 2. [countable] a part of the sea where fish are caught as a business: • The Peruvian anchovy fishery …   Financial and business terms

  • Fishery — Fish er*y, n.; pl. {Fisheries}. 1. The business or practice of catching fish; fishing. Addison. [1913 Webster] 2. A place for catching fish. [1913 Webster] 3. (Law) The right to take fish at a certain place, or in particular waters. Abbott. [1913 …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • fishery — business of fishing, 1670s; “place where fish are caught,” 1690s; see FISH (Cf. fish) + ERY (Cf. ery). Related: Fisheries …   Etymology dictionary

  • fishery — ► NOUN (pl. fisheries) 1) a place where fish are reared, or caught in numbers. 2) the occupation or industry of catching or rearing fish …   English terms dictionary

  • fishery — [fish′ər ē] n. pl. fisheries 1. the business of catching, packing, or selling fish, or lobsters, shrimp, etc. 2. a place where fish, etc. are caught; fishing ground 3. the legal right to catch fish in certain waters or at certain times 4. a place …   English World dictionary

  • fishery — Business or process of catching, processing, or selling fish. A hatchery or place for catching fish. A right or liberty of taking fish at a particular place or waters. A species of incorporeal hereditament, anciently termed piscary, of which… …   Black's law dictionary

  • fishery — Business or process of catching, processing, or selling fish. A hatchery or place for catching fish. A right or liberty of taking fish at a particular place or waters. A species of incorporeal hereditament, anciently termed piscary, of which… …   Black's law dictionary

  • fishery — In common usage, a place for fishing. In a legal sense, a right, other than one arising from ownership of a particular shore or beach, to employ within a particular stretch of water, lawful means for the taking of fish which may be found there.… …   Ballentine's law dictionary

  • fishery — noun Fishery is used before these nouns: ↑biologist Fishery is used after these nouns: ↑herring, ↑salmon, ↑trout …   Collocations dictionary

  • fishery — UK [ˈfɪʃərɪ] / US noun [countable] Word forms fishery : singular fishery plural fisheries 1) an area of the sea where fish can be caught to be sold 2) a place where fish are bred, either to be sold for food or to be put into lakes and rivers to… …   English dictionary

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