- Middle Street Synagogue, Brighton
-
Middle Street Synagogue Basic information Location Middle Street, Brighton, Brighton and Hove, UK Geographic coordinates 50°49′16″N 0°8′34″W / 50.82111°N 0.14278°W Affiliation Judaism Year consecrated 1875 Ecclesiastical or organizational status Synagogue Status Preserved; intermittently active Heritage designation Grade II* listed Architectural description Architect(s) Thomas Lainson Architectural style Neo-Byzantine Direction of façade West Groundbreaking 1874 Completed 1875 Construction cost £12,000 (£838 thousand as of 2011)[1] The Middle Street Synagogue is a synagogue in the centre of Brighton, part of the English city of Brighton and Hove. It was the centre for Jewish worship in Brighton and Hove for more than a century, and has been called[by whom?] Brighton's second most important historic building. Although it is not presently in full-time use, the building is still open at certain times, and services are still held at certain times of the year. It has been listed at Grade II*, reflecting its architectural and historic importance.
Contents
History
A Jewish community existed in the Brighton area for nearly a century before Middle Street synagogue was built in 1874.[2][3] A Bavarian settler, Emanuel Hyam Cohen, established a Jewish school on the seafront in the 1780s and a place of worship between 1789 and 1792.[3][4] The latter moved from Jew Street (off Bond Street) to West Street in 1808, but there is no record of the nature of the buildings; meetings may in fact have taken place in private houses.[3] The Brighton Regency Synagogue was built in 1823 on land leased from a hotel, and enlarged by David Mocatta (architect of Brighton railway station, and member of the prominent Jewish Mocatta family) in 1836. It was used until the new synagogue was opened in Middle Street in 1875.[5] Situated on Devonshire Place, the stuccoed building in the Classical style still stands; an inscription on the outside, including the Hebrew calendar year of opening (5598), can still be seen on the entablature, but it is now in commercial use.[4][6] The Chanukah menorah at the Middle Synagogue was brought from the Brighton Regency Synagogue.[7]
Chief Rabbi Nathan Marcus Adler attended the start of construction work in Middle Street on 19 November 1874.[5] The architect, Thomas Lainson, had been responsible for many buildings in Hove, including a Congregational church and the residential development on the Wick Farm estate,[8] and also the Bristol Road Methodist Church in Kemptown.[9] After ten months of work at a cost of £12,000 (£838 thousand as of 2011),[1] the dedication ceremony took place on 23 September 1875 and the synagogue was opened.[10] Its capacity of 300[11] was six times higher than that of its predecessor.[6]
The Sassoon family, a wealthy Jewish dynasty with links to Brighton and Hove, funded various expansions and improvements over the next few decades, especially in respect of the internal fittings, which are very elaborate for a synagogue. Electric lighting was installed in 1892, making it the first electrically-lit synagogue in Britain.[8][12] Although the Jewish community in the city numbered 4,000 by 2004, the Middle Street synagogue fell out of regular use at that time, although it is still opened regularly for educational and architectural tours of the interior,[2] especially during the annual Brighton Festival.[13] Urgent structural repairs, including a new roof, were required by that time. A combination of fundraising concerts, auctions and a grant of several hundred thousand pounds from the government agency English Heritage enabled restoration work to take place.[2] The building is presently undergoing extensive renovation works and tours will re-commence in the latter part of 2009.
Middle Street Synagogue was listed at Grade II* by English Heritage on 20 August 1971.[12] This status is given to "particularly important buildings of more than special interest".[14] As of February 2001, it was one of 70 Grade II*-listed buildings and structures in the city of Brighton and Hove.[15]
Architecture
The synagogue has been described as Brighton's second most important historic building, behind the Royal Pavilion.[2]
The exterior, which was executed in pale Sussex brick by the builders George Cheesman and son, is in an eclectic blend of Italian Renaissance and Neo-Byzantine Revival styles.[16] The west-facing elevation to Middle Street uses yellow bricks in an English bond pattern, while the other walls are of brown brick.[12] The arched windows are surmounted by contrasting red and blue tiles, and are flanked by red coloured columns.[10][11] There is a large rose window in the west-facing frontage. The façade consists of five bays, alternately projecting and recessed; on the ground floor the layout of windows (protected since the 1960s with translucent safety panels) is two in each end bay and one each in the two recessed bays, with the wooden entrance door on the centre bay (between two pink columns with ornamented capitals). On the first floor, the eight windows are arranged in pairs on the three projecting bays, with one in each of the recesses.[12]
Sharman Kadish remarks that "Nothing prepares the visitor for the sumptuousness of Middle Street's interior."[16] There are ladies' galleries on three sides, held up by cast-iron columns decorated with imitation marble-effect paintwork with gilded metalwork capitals depicting plants, fruit, flowers and crops from the Middle East region.[8][12] Thomas Lainson's design for the interior followed the Neo-Byzantine Revival style, .[10] The building takes the form of a basilica. There are ladies' galleries on three sides, held up by cast-iron columns decorated with imitation marble-effect paintwork. the capitals are fashioned of hammered copper and iron, each one is individually worked to show a different one of the species of plants, fruit, flowers and crops from the Land of Israel.[8][12][16]
The particularly decorative and ornate interior, funded by the generosity of the Sassoon family and visitors from outside Brighton,[8][12] was built mostly of iron, but the surfaces that meet the eye are lavishly stenciled, gilded, or made of brass, marble, and mosaics..[12] The Torah Ark sits on a marble-stepped dais in the centre of the apse, below an arch supported by elaborate columns. It is top-lit via a stained glass half-dome. The surrounding rails, menorah and pulpit are all brass.[12] There is late-19th century stained glass in all of the windows,[12] much of it by Campbell & Smith.
See also
References
Notes
- ^ a b UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Lawrence H. Officer (2010) "What Were the UK Earnings and Prices Then?" MeasuringWorth.
- ^ a b c d "English synagogue handed massive government grant". European Jewish Press website. European Jewish Press. 2007. http://www.ejpress.org/article/4863. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
- ^ a b c Dale 1989, p. 192.
- ^ a b Elleray 2004, p. 13.
- ^ a b Dale 1989, p. 193.
- ^ a b "Detailed Record: Numbers 38 and 39 and attached walls and piers, Devonshire Place (east side), Brighton, Brighton and Hove, East Sussex". Images of England website. English Heritage. 2007. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=480561&mode=quick. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
- ^ Kadish 2006, p. 75.
- ^ a b c d e Carder 1990, §115.
- ^ "Detailed record: Methodist Church and attached railings, Montague Place (west side), Brighton". Images of England. English Heritage. 2007. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=480447&mode=quick. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
- ^ a b c Dale 1989, p. 194.
- ^ a b School of Architecture and Interior Design 1987, p. 39.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Detailed Record: The Synagogue and attached gate, Middle Street (east side), Brighton, Brighton and Hove, East Sussex". Images of England website. English Heritage. 2007. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=482160&mode=quick. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
- ^ "Brighton Festival Fringe 2008". Brighton Festival Fringe website. Brighton Festival Fringe Ltd. 2007. Archived from the original on 2006-10-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20061009135957/http://www.brightonfestivalfringe.org.uk/listings/tours/index.asp?pg=2&. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
- ^ "Listed Buildings". English Heritage. 2010. http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/caring/listing/listed-buildings/. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ "Images of England — Statistics by County (East Sussex)". Images of England website. English Heritage. 2007. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/StatisticsPage/default.aspx?StatsCounty=EAST%20SUSSEX. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
- ^ a b c Kadish 2006, p. 73.
Bibliography
- Carder, Timothy (1990). The Encyclopaedia of Brighton. Lewes: East Sussex County Libraries. ISBN 0-861-47315-9.
- Dale, Antony (1989). Brighton Churches. London EC4: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00863-8.
- Elleray, D. Robert (2004). Sussex Places of Worship. Worthing: Optimus Books. ISBN 0-95-331-3271.
- Kadish, Sharman (2006). Jewish Heritage in England: An Architectural Guide. English Heritage. ISBN 1-905-62428-X.
- A Guide to the Buildings of Brighton. School of Architecture and Interior Design, Brighton Polytechnic. Macclesfield: McMillan Martin. 1987. ISBN 1-869-86503-0.
External links
- Brighton & Hove Hebrew Congregation on Jewish Communities and Records - UK (hosted by jewishgen.org).
- Virtual links [1]
Buildings and structures in Brighton and Hove Heritage Conservation areas · Listed buildings: Grade I · Grade II* · Grade II: A–B · C–D · E–H · I–L · M · N–O · P–R · S · T–V · W–Z
Places of worship List of places of worship (see list for links to individual articles) · List of demolished places of worship
Houses, flats
and mansionsChartwell Court · Embassy Court · Fife House · French Convalescent Home · 75 Holland Road · Marlborough House · New England Quarter · Ovingdean Rectory · Patcham Place · Pelham Institute · Preston Manor · Stanmer House · Sussex Heights · Van Alen Building · Western Pavilion
Crescents,
squares and
terracesAdelaide Crescent · Bedford Square · Belgrave Place · Bloomsbury Place · Brunswick Town · Hanover Crescent · Kemp Town · Lansdowne Square · Marine Square · Montpelier Crescent · New Steine · Norfolk Square · Norfolk Terrace · Old Steine · Oriental Place · Palmeira Square · Park Crescent · Pelham Square · Powis Square · Regency Square · Roundhill Crescent · Royal Crescent · Russell Square · Vernon Terrace · Wykeham Terrace
Commercial
buildingsAmex House · Brighton Forum, 95 Ditchling Road · Churchill Square · 20–22 Marlborough Place · 9 Pool Valley
Institutional and
civic buildingsBHASVIC · Brighton General Hospital · Brighton Town Hall · Hove Town Hall · Jubilee Library · Ovingdean Hall School · Royal Alexandra Hospital · Royal Sussex County Hospital · University of Sussex · Varndean College
Hotels and inns Hotels: Bedford · Grand (1984 bombing) · Metropole · Old Ship · Royal Albion · Royal York · Inns and pubs: The Cricketers · Evening Star · Freemasons Tavern · Hangleton Manor Inn · King and Queen · Royal Pavilion Tavern
Entertainment
and leisureAstoria (former) · Brighton Centre · Brighton Dome and Pavilion Theatre · Brighton Hippodrome (former) · Brighton Marina · Brighton Wheel · Duke of York's Picture House · Falmer Stadium · King Alfred Centre · Royal Pavilion · Saltdean Lido · Theatre Royal · Withdean Stadium · Museums: Booth Museum · Brighton Fishing Museum · Brighton Museum and Art Gallery · Brighton Toy and Model Museum · British Engineerium · Hove Museum and Art Gallery
Piers Brighton Pier · The Royal Suspension Chain Pier (demolished) · West Pier
Windmills Miscellaneous Barford Court · Chattri · Clock Tower · 11 Dyke Road · Foredown Tower · i360 (proposed) · Pepper Pot · St Dunstan's · Sassoon Mausoleum · Steine House (YMCA)
Related topics Ammonite Order · Bungaroosh · Cemeteries and crematoria · Mathematical tiles · Regency architecture · Architects: Charles Busby · John Leopold Denman · Thomas Lainson · John Nash · Basil Spence · Amon Henry Wilds · Amon Wilds
Categories:- Religious buildings completed in 1875
- Places of worship in Brighton and Hove
- Grade II* listed buildings in Brighton and Hove
- Synagogues in England
- 19th-century synagogues
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.