Maestrazgo

Maestrazgo
Map of the historical extent of the Valencian Maestrat

The Maestrazgo (Spanish: [maesˈtɾaθɣo]) or Maestrat (Valencian: [maesˈtɾat]) is a natural and historic mountainous region, located at the eastern end of the Iberian System mountain range, in Spain. It encompasses the north of the Autonomous Community of Valencia, in Castellón province, and parts of the east of the Aragonese province of Teruel. The area is mountainous and sparsely populated with a rich mixture of flora and fauna.

The district was under control of military orders following the 12th century Christian reconquest of the area from the Moors. It also had a significant role in the 19th century Carlist Wars and the 20th century Spanish Civil War. After many years of decline the area is undergoing some re-vitalization, helped by funding from the European Union and tourism.

Contents

History

Cave painting at la Valltorta ravine.

The earliest signs of human habitation date back to the Pleistocene era, 25,000 years ago. Cave paintings have been discovered in many locations and they have been designated by UNESCO as part of the Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula World Heritage Site.[1]

Occupation by the Ilercavones, a tribe of Iberians, Romans and the Moors followed, but the identity of the region was first established following the Reconquista when the area was dominated by military orders. Local stories persist that a group of Cathars, led by the perfectus Guillaume Bélibaste escaped from Carcassonne and took refuge in the Maestrazgo, living with a small community near Morella for about ten years, before being betrayed by a spy in the service of the Inquisition. Bélibaste was taken to Carcassonne and burnt at the stake there.[2]

The name Maestrazgo is derived from the word maestre (English meaning - master) as these territories were historically under the jurisdiction of the Grand Masters of the military orders of the Knights Templar, St John of Malta and Montesa.[3]

In 1838, during the Carlist Wars, the military district of la Comandancia General del Maestrazgo was created by Ramón Cabrera.[3] During the Spanish Civil War the area was intensively fought over, especially after the fall of Teruel. Republican guerillas of the Agrupación guerrillera de Levante y Aragón held out in the mountains of the Maestrazgo until the 1950s.[4][5]

Geography

The summit of Penyagolosa

The mountains in the Maestrazgo, like the Serra de la Creu, Serra d'En Segures, Talaies d'Alcalà, Serra de la Vall d'Àngel, Serra d'en Galceran, Serra d'Esparreguera, Serra de Sant Pere, Serra de Vallivana, Serra d'En Celler, Tossal de la Barbuda, Montegordo, the Cervera Mountains, Serra del Turmell, Serra de l'Espadella, Moles de Xert and the Benifassà Mountains, form the Mediterranean end of the Sistema Ibérico. The highest point is the 1,831 metres (6,007 ft) high Penyagolosa, located at the southern end of the region. At the base of the mountain is the important pilgrimage destination of Sant Joan de Penyagolosa.[6]

In the Castellón province administrative divisions, the Maestrazgo is divided into Alt Maestrat and Baix Maestrat. The historical territory does not exactly match these boundaries including also parts of Alcalatén and Plana Alta. In Aragon, Teruel Province there is a comarca officially called Maestrazgo since 1999, but historically locations in other districts were also part of the Maestrazgo. The region has formed a Mancomunidad, a free association for cooperative purposes, between fifty five municipalities.[3] Major settlements include Vilafranca, Cantavieja, Morella and Alcañiz.

The Maestrazgo Cultural Park has been established to protect the regional culture and landscape. The area lies between altitudes of 480 metres (1,570 ft) to 1,997 metres (6,552 ft) and is drained by the Guadalope and Turia rivers.[7]

Flora and fauna

The Maestrazgo supports a diverse section of plants and trees including thyme, rosemary, lavender, mint, pennyroyal, mountain tea, chamomile, black truffles, poplars, elms, ash, beech, holm oaks and black pine.[3][8]

Fauna includes ibex, muflón, wildcats, otters, pine martens, foxes, genets, goshawks, Bonelli's eagles, sparrowhawks, owls, vultures, and game and fish such as partridges, quails, hares, rabbits, wild boar, trout, and catfish.[3]

Today

Tourism has in recent years brought a halt to economic decline in the region and the injection of European Union funding has led to the development of heritage centres and cooperatives providing training in practical crafts.[9] Agriculture, including pigs, poultry, sheep, goats and smallholdings predominate in the valleys.[10] In 1995, Ken Loach's award winning[11] film about the Spanish Civil War, Land and Freedom, was filmed in the Maestrazgo.[12] Life in the area and much of its history is described vividly in Jason Webster's 2009 book Sacred Sierra - A Year on a Spanish Mountain.[13] Efforts have been made to halt de-population by attracting immigrants from South America and Romania. This has had some success, helping keeping village facilities alive.[14]

In 2008 palaeontologists discovered an intact specimen of a previously unknown species of sauropod dinosaur at a site near Morella. The animal was believed to have lived in the early Cretaceous period, approximately 120 million years ago. Funding from wind energy companies and the regional government has aided the excavations and will support a dinosaur museum to be opened at Morella.[15]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ "Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/874/multiple=1&unique_number=1026. Retrieved 2009-11-16. 
  2. ^ Webster, 198-202
  3. ^ a b c d e "Mancomunidad Turística del Maestrazgo". www.elmaestrazgo.com. http://www.elmaestrazgo.com/eng/conozcanos.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-16. 
  4. ^ Webster, 162-164
  5. ^ "Coneix la història de Morella: prehistòria, medieval, moderna i contemporània" (Valenciano). La ciutat de Morella. http://www.morella.net/morella/conocenos/historia_de_morella/historia_contemporanea. Retrieved 2009-11-17. 
  6. ^ "Rutas de montaña, álbum Peña Golosa" (Spanish). www.amarguillo.com. http://www.amarguillo.com/maestre/penya_golosa22.html. Retrieved 2009-11-16. 
  7. ^ "The Maestrazgo Cultural Park ( Spain)". European Geoparks Network. http://www.europeangeoparks.org/isite/page/66,1,0.asp. Retrieved 2009-11-16. 
  8. ^ Webster, 327-342
  9. ^ "Maestrazgo-Teruel: counting on identity to produce sustainable development". Leader Magazine. European Commission. Winter 1994. http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rur/leader2/rural-en/biblio/culture/art06.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-16. 
  10. ^ "El maestrat,revista y excursiones" (Spanish). www.elmaestrat.es. http://www.elmaestrat.es/. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  11. ^ "Land and Freedom". Festival de Cannes. http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3365/year/1995.html. Retrieved 2009-11-20. 
  12. ^ "Land and Freedom: Teachers Notes". www.filmeducation.org. http://www.filmeducation.org/pdf/film/LandFreedom.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-16. 
  13. ^ Evans, Julian (27 March 2009). "Sacred Sierra, By Jason Webster". The Independent (Independent News and Media). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/sacred-sierra-by-jason-webster-1654794.html. Retrieved 2009-11-16. 
  14. ^ Tremlett, Giles (12 March 2003). "Returnadores: a new life in the old world" (fee required). The Guardian, archived at LexisNexis (Guardian News and Media). http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7903493418&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=26&resultsUrlKey=29_T7903493421&cisb=22_T7903493420&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8010&docNo=34. Retrieved 2009-11-17. 
  15. ^ Nash, Elizabeth (28 August 2008). "'Enormous' dinosaur skeleton found intact" (fee required). The Independent, archived at LexisNexis (Independent News and Media). http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7903493418&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T7903493421&cisb=22_T7903493420&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8200&docNo=4. Retrieved 2009-11-17. 

Bibliography

External links

Coordinates: 40°10′34″N 1°6′34″W / 40.17611°N 1.10944°W / 40.17611; -1.10944


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Look at other dictionaries:

  • maestrazgo — sustantivo masculino 1. Cargo y dignidad de maestre de una orden militar: el maestrazgo de Calatrava, el maestrazgo de Santiago. 2. Territorio bajo la autoridad de un maestre: el maestrazgo de Trujillo …   Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española

  • maestrazgo — 1. m. Dignidad de maestre de cualquiera de las órdenes militares. 2. Dominio territorial o señorío del maestre de una orden militar. 3. ant. Oficio de maestro, especialmente en un arte …   Diccionario de la lengua española

  • Maestrazgo — Para otros usos de este término, véase Maestrazgo (desambiguación). El Maestrazgo (El Maestrat o El Maestrat vell en valenciano) es una comarca histórica y natural que se extiende por el norte de la provincia valenciana de Castellón y el sureste… …   Wikipedia Español

  • Maestrazgo — Der Maestrazgo ist eine Comarca in der Autonomen Region Aragonien in Spanien. Sie liegt im Osten der Provinz Teruel und hat auf einer Fläche von 1.204,3 km² etwa 3.700 Einwohner. Hauptstadt ist Cantavieja, die größte der 15 zugehörigen Gemeinden …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Maestrazgo — 40°30′N 0°24′E / 40.5, 0.4 …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Maestrazgo — ► sustantivo masculino 1 MILITAR Dignidad de maestre de una orden militar. 2 MILITAR Dominio territorial o señorío del maestre de una orden militar. SINÓNIMO señorío * * * maestrazgo 1 m. Dignidad de maestre de una orden militar. ⊚ *Territorio de …   Enciclopedia Universal

  • maestrazgo — {{#}}{{LM M24434}}{{〓}} {{[}}maestrazgo{{]}} ‹ma·es·traz·go› {{《}}▍ s.m.{{》}} {{<}}1{{>}} {{♂}}En una orden militar,{{♀}} cargo de maestre: • Ejerció el maestrazgo de la Orden de Santiago.{{○}} {{<}}2{{>}} Territorio sobre el que antiguamente un… …   Diccionario de uso del español actual con sinónimos y antónimos

  • Maestrazgo (desambiguación) — Maestrazgo se refiere a los territorios que se encontraban bajo el poder del Gran Maestre. Geográfica e históricamente este término puede referirse a: La comarca histórica de El Maestrazgo, que abarca zonas tanto de la provincia de Teruel como de …   Wikipedia Español

  • Maestrazgo (disambiguation) — Maestrazgo may refer to: Maestrat (Spanish: Maestrazgo), an historic and natural region in the Spanish province of Castellón Alt Maestrat, a comarca in the Spanish province of Castellón Baix Maestrat, a comarca in the Spanish province of… …   Wikipedia

  • Maestrazgo (Teruel) — Para otros usos de este término, véase Maestrazgo. Maestrazgo Comarca de España …   Wikipedia Español

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