Brown-throated Sand Martin

Taxobox
name = Brown-throated Sand Martin
status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1
status_ref=IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=52154|title=Riparia paludicola|downloaded=9 May 2006 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern]
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Passeriformes
familia = Hirundinidae
genus = "Riparia"
species = "R. paludicola"
binomial = "Riparia paludicola"
binomial_authority = (Vieillot, 1817)

The Brown-throated Sand Martin, Brown-throated Martin or Plain Martin, "Riparia paludicola", is a small passerine bird in the swallow family. It was first formally described as "Hirundo paludicola" by French ornithologist Louis Vieillot in 1817 in his "Nouvelle Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle".fr icon Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1817): "Nouvelle Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle" nouvelle édition, 14, 511.]

It has a wide range in Africa and across India and other parts of southern Asia. Iit is a partially migratory species, with some populations making seasonal movements. It is usually associated closely with water.

The Brown-throated Sand Martin is colonial in its nesting habits, with many pairs breeding close together, according to available space. The nests are at the end of tunnels of 30 to 60 cm in length, bored in sandbanks. The actual nest is a litter of straw and feathers in a chamber at the end of the burrow. Two to four white eggs are the normal clutch, and are incubated by both parents.

Its brown back, small size and quicker, jerkier flight separate Brown-throated Sand Martin at once from most other members of the swallow family. It is most similar to the Sand Martin, "Riparia riparia ", which is its northern counterpart. Where the breeding ranges overlap in southern Asia, Brown-throated Sand Martins tend to breed at lower altitudes than their relative. In the northern winter, both species are found in the same wetland habitats.

The 12 cm long Brown-throated Sand Martin is brown above and white or pale brown below. It lacks the narrow brown band on the breast shown by the Sand Martin; the bill is black and the legs are brown. Sexes are similar, but the young have pale tips to the feathers on the rump and wings.

There are seven races differing in size and the plumage tones of the upperparts or underparts.cite book |title=Swallows and Martins: an identification guide and handbook |last=Turner |first=Angela K |coauthors=Rose, Chris |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1989 |pages = 133-136 |id=ISBN 0-395-51174-7 ]

* "R. p. paludicola", southern Africa. White underparts.
* "R. p. paludibula", western Africa. Smaller and darker above than the nominate form.
* "R. p. ducis", eastern Africa. Smaller and darker above and below than the nominate subspecies.
* "R. p. mauretanica", Morocco. Small and pale
* "R. p. newtoni", mountains of Cameroon only. Darker above than the nominate form, brownish underparts.
* "R. p.cowani", Madagascar. Small, greyish underparts.
* "R. p. chinensis", southern Asia. Pale underparts and throat.

The food of this species consists of small insects, mostly gnats and other flies whose early stages are aquatic.

The twittering song of Brown-throated Sand Martin is continuous when the birds are on the wing, and becomes a conversational undertone after they have settled in the roost. There is also a harsh alarm call.

References