- Sex steroid
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Sex steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors.[1] Their effects are mediated by slow genomic mechanisms through nuclear receptors as well as by fast nongenomic mechanisms through membrane-associated receptors and signaling cascades.[2] The term sex hormone is nearly always synonymous with sex steroid. The non-steroid hormones luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone are usually not regarded as sex hormones, although they play major sex-related roles.
Contents
Production
Natural sex steroids are made by the gonads (ovaries or testes),[3] by adrenal glands, or by conversion from other sex steroids in other tissue such as liver or fat.
Synthetic sex steroids
There are also many synthetic sex steroids. Synthetic androgens are often referred to as anabolic steroids. Synthetic estrogens and progestins are used in methods of hormonal contraception. Ethinylestradiol is a semi-synthetic estrogen. Specific compounds that have partial agonist activity for steroid receptors, and therefore act in part like natural steroid hormones, are in use in medical conditions that require treatment with steroid in one cell type, but where systemic effects of the particular steroid in the entire organism are only desirable within certain limits.[4]
Types
In many contexts, the two main classes of sex steroids are androgens and estrogens, of which the most important human derivatives are testosterone and estradiol, respectively. Other contexts will include progestagen as a third class of sex steroids, distinct from androgens and estrogens. Progesterone is the most important and only naturally-occurring human progestagen. In general, androgens are considered "male sex hormones", since they have masculinizing effects, while estrogens and progestagens are considered "female sex hormones"[5] although all types are present in each sex, albeit at different levels.
Sex steroids include:
- Progestagens:
- Progesterone
- Progestins striker
See also
- Androgen insensitivity syndrome
- Klinefelter's syndrome
- Sex-hormone therapy
References
- ^ Guerriero G. :)Vertebrate sex steroid receptors: evolution, ligands, and neurodistribution. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 April; 1163:154-68. Review. PMID: 19456336
- ^ Thakur MK, Paramanik V. Role of steroid hormone coregulators in health and disease. Horm Res. 2009; 71(4):194-200. Epub 2009 March 4. Review. PMID: 19258710
- ^ Brook CG. Mechanism of puberty. Horm Res. 1999;51 Suppl 3:52-4. Review. PMID: 10592444
- ^ Copland JA, Sheffield-Moore M, Koldzic-Zivanovic N, Gentry S, Lamprou G, Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou F, Zoumpourlis V, Urban RJ, Vlahopoulos SA. Sex steroid receptors in skeletal differentiation and epithelial neoplasia: is tissue-specific intervention possible? Bioessays. 2009 Jun;31(6):629-41. Review. PMID: 19382224
- ^ Comparative metabolism of female sex steroids in normal and chronically inflamed gingiva of the dog T. M. A. ElAttar11Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. and Department of Periodontology, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden and A. Hugoson, Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. and Department of Periodontology, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden, Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. and Department of Periodontology, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden
External links
- MeSH Sex+Steroid+Hormones
- Sex+hormones at eMedicine Dictionary
Cholesterol and steroid metabolic intermediates Mevalonate pathway to HMG-CoAto DMAPPGeranyl-Prephytoene diphosphate · PhytoeneNon-mevalonate pathway To Cholesterol Farnesyl pyrophosphate · Squalene · 2,3-Oxidosqualene · Lanosterol
Lanosterol · Lathosterol · 7-Dehydrocholesterol · Cholesterol
Lanosterol · Zymosterol · 7-Dehydrodesmosterol · Desmosterol · CholesterolSteroid Corticosteroids
(C21 pregnane)Sex steroidsAndrogens
(C19 androstane)Estrogens
(C18 estrane)Nonhuman biochemical families: prot · nucl · carb (glpr, alco, glys) · lipd (fata/i, phld, strd, gllp, eico) · amac/i · ncbs/i · ttpy/iEstrogens and progestogens (G03C-D, L02) Progestogens/
progestins
(progesterone)AgonistAndrostene (Drospirenone) • 19-norprogesterone (Nomegestrol • Promegestone • Trimegestone) • 19-nortestosterone (Dienogest)Other/
ungroupedPregnenedione (Gestonorone) • Pregnene (Ethisterone) • Pregnadiene (Medrogestone • Melengestrol) • Norpregnane (Norgestrienone) • Lynestrenol • Norethynodrel • Tibolone • Dydrogesterone • Quingestanolantagonist: MifepristoneAsoprisnil • CDB-4124 • Ulipristal acetateEstrogens AgonistDiosgenin • Estradiol (Ethinylestradiol#/Mestranol • Estradiol 17 beta-cypionate# • Polyestradiol phosphate) • Estrone (Estrone sulfate) • Estriol • Promestriene • Equilenin • EquilinAfimoxifene • Arzoxifene • Bazedoxifene • Cyclofenil • Lasofoxifene • Ormeloxifene • Raloxifene • Tamoxifen • Toremifenepure antagonist: Fulvestrant#WHO-EM. ‡Withdrawn from market. Clinical trials: †Phase III. §Never to phase III Categories:- Sex hormones
- Reproductive system
- Human sexuality
- Animal sexuality
- Progestagens:
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