Lekianoba

Lekianoba was the name given to sporadic forays and marauds by Dagestan clansmen into Georgia from 16th to 19th centuries. The term is derived from "Leki", by which the Georgians knew Dagestani peoples, with the suffix –"anoba" which designates attribution.

The attacks from Dagestan began with the disintegration of the Georgian kingdom and the subsequent decline of its successor states in the incessant defence warfare against the Persian and Ottoman empires. In the late 16th century, part of Georgian marchlands in the Kakhetian kingdom, later known as Saingilo, was given by the Persian shah Abbas I to his Dagestani allies creating thus a base for subsequent invasions.

Though chiefly of small scale, these assaults were too frequent to be rather devastating to the fragmentised country, with the marauders taking hostages and pillaging the borderline settlements. From time to time, these attacks evolved into major military operations involving thousands of troops and conducted by the Dagestan feudal warlords often in alliance with either Persians or Ottomans. Kakheti and Kartli were the two eastern Georgian kingdoms most suffered. Often taken in surprise, the Georgians failed to build up an effective defence mechanism against "Lekianoba" due largely to the permanent internal wars and rivalry among the Georgian polities. Furthermore, the Dagestani mercenaries were frequently used by rival Georgian kings and princes against each other.

In the early 1720s, the Georgian king Vakhtang VI intensified his efforts to counter the Dagestan inroads. In 1722, he decided to join his forces with the Russian tsar Peter I and mobilised a large army to campaign against the Dagestanis and their major ally, the Persian Empire. Peter, however, soon made peace with the Persians that forced Vakhtang to recall his troops. Soon Georgia’s independence finally collapsed under the Ottoman and Persian aggression for over the two subsequent decades giving the Dagestani tribesmen more chances to attack. In 1744, Teimuraz II and his son, Erekle II, revived the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti and joined their forces to check the Dagestani assaults. From 1750 to 1755, they thrice successfully repulsed a large coalition of the Degestani clans led by the Avary khan Nursal Bek. In 1774, Erekle II created a special military force which initially served an effective instrumental against the Dagestani marauds. However, facing an internal crisis in his kingdom, Erekle was unable to finally eliminate the threats from the Caucasian mountaineers. In 1785 and 1787 the Avary khan Omar twice attacked Kakheti leaving several border villages in ruins. Beginning in 1801, with the annexation of Georgia by the Russian Empire, the Dagestani inroads weakened significantly. During the Caucasian Wars, the Dagestani imam Shamil invaded the Kakhetian marches in 1854, an attack largely considered the last incident of "Lekianoba".

References

* Georgian (Soviet) Encyclopedia, vol. 6; Tbilisi, 1983: p. 164 (In Georgian)