Isocyanic acid

Isocyanic acid
Isocyanic acid
Identifiers
CAS number 75-13-8 YesY
420-05-3 (cyanic acid)
PubChem 6347
ChemSpider 6107 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:29202 YesY
Jmol-3D images Image 1
Properties
Molecular formula HNCO
Molar mass 43.03 g/mol
Appearance Colorless liquid or gas (b.p. near room temperature)
Density 1.14 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point

-86 °C [1]

Boiling point

23.5 °C

Solubility in water Dissolves
Solubility Soluble in benzene, toluene, ether
Hazards
Main hazards Poisonous
 YesY acid (verify) (what is: YesY/N?)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Isocyanic acid is an inorganic compound with the formula HNCO, discovered in 1830 by Liebig and Wöhler.[2] This colourless substance is volatile and poisonous, with a boiling point of 23.5 °C. Isocyanic acid is the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly found elements in organic chemistry and biology.

Contents

Preparation and reactions

Isocyanic acid can be made by protonation of the cyanate anion, such as from salts like potassium cyanate, by either gaseous hydrogen chloride or acids such as oxalic acid.[3]

H+ + NCO- → HNCO

HNCO also can be made by the high-temperature thermal decomposition of cyanuric acid, a trimer.

C3H3N3O3 → 3 HNCO

Isocyanic acid hydrolyses to carbon dioxide and ammonia:

HNCO + H2O → CO2 + NH3

At sufficiently high concentrations, isocyanic acid oligomerizes to give cyanuric acid and cyamelide, a polymer. These species usually are easily separated from liquid- or gas-phase reaction products. Dilute solutions of isocyanic acid are stable in inert solvents, e.g. ether and chlorinated hydrocarbons.[4]

Isocyanic acid reacts with amines to give ureas (carbamides):

HNCO + RNH2 → RNHC(O)NH2.

This reaction is called carbamylation.

HNCO adds across electron-rich double bonds, such as vinylethers, to give the corresponding isocyanates.

Isocyanic acid is also present in various forms of smoke, including smog and cigarette smoke. It was detected using mass spectrometry, and easily dissolves in water, posing a health risk to the lungs.[5]

Isomers: Cyanic acid and fulminic acid

Low-temperature photolysis of solids containing HNCO has been shown to make H-O-C≡N, known as cyanic acid or hydrogen cyanate; it is a tautomer of isocyanic acid.[6] Pure cyanic acid has not been isolated, and isocyanic acid is the predominant form in all solvents.[4] Note that sometimes information presented for cyanic acid in reference books is actually for isocyanic acid.

Cyanic and isocyanic acids are isomers of fulminic acid (H-C=N-O), an unstable compound.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0070494398
  2. ^ Liebig, J.; Wöhler, F. (1830). "Untersuchungen über die Cyansäuren". Ann. Phys. 20 (11): 394. doi:10.1002/andp.18300961102. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15105c/f377.table. 
  3. ^ Fischer, G.; Geith, J.; Klapötke, T. M.; Krumm B. (2002). "Synthesis, Properties and Dimerization Study of Isocyanic Acid". Z. Naturforschung 57b (1): 19–25. http://www.znaturforsch.com/ab/v57b/s57b0019.pdf. 
  4. ^ a b A. S. Narula, K. Ramachandran “Isocyanic Acid” in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, New York. doi:10.1002/047084289X.ri072m Article Online Posting Date: April 15, 2001.
  5. ^ Preidt, Robert. "Chemical in Smoke May Pose Health Risk". MyOptumHealth. AccuWeather. http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/health/respiratory/50653/chemical-in-smoke-may-pose-hea.asp. Retrieved 14 September 2011. 
  6. ^ Jacox, M.E.; Milligan, D.E. (1964). "Low-Temperature Infrared Study of Intermediates in the Photolysis of HNCO and DNCO". Journal of Chemical Physics 40 (9): 2457–2460. doi:10.1063/1.1725546. 
  7. ^ Kurzer, Frederick (2000). "Fulminic Acid in the History of Organic Chemistry". Journal of Chemical Education 77 (7): 851–857. doi:10.1021/ed077p851. 

Further reading

  • Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 65th. Edition, CRC Press (1984)

External links


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Look at other dictionaries:

  • Isocyanic acid — Isocyanic I so*cy*an ic, a. [Iso + cyanic.] (Chem.) Designating an acid isomeric with cyanic acid. [1913 Webster] {Isocyanic acid}, an acid metameric with cyanic acid, and resembling it in its salts. It is obtained as a colorless, mobile,… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • isocyanic acid — noun an acid known only in the form of its esters • Hypernyms: ↑acid * * * | ̷ ̷ ̷ ̷+... noun Etymology: International Scientific Vocabulary is + cyanic acid : cyanic acid regarded as having the formula HNCO and usually prepared (as by the… …   Useful english dictionary

  • isocyanic acid — /uy soh suy an ik, uy soh /, Chem. an unstable acid, CHNO, tautomeric with cyanic acid, known only in the form of its salts. [1890 95; ISO + CYANIC ACID] * * * …   Universalium

  • isocyanic acid — noun The unstable compound H See Also: isocyanate …   Wiktionary

  • isocyanic acid — A highly reactive chemical, HNCO …   Medical dictionary

  • Isocyanic — I so*cy*an ic, a. [Iso + cyanic.] (Chem.) Designating an acid isomeric with cyanic acid. [1913 Webster] {Isocyanic acid}, an acid metameric with cyanic acid, and resembling it in its salts. It is obtained as a colorless, mobile, unstable liquid… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • isocyanic — adjective Of or pertaining to isocyanic acid, and to its salts (the isocyanates) …   Wiktionary

  • Cyanuric acid — Cyanuric acid …   Wikipedia

  • Cyanuric acid — (Chem.), an organic acid, {C3O3N3H3}, first obtained by heating uric acid or urea, and called {pyrouric acid}; afterwards obtained from {isocyanic acid}. It is a white crystalline substance, odorless and almost tasteless; called also… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • pyrouric acid — Cyanuric acid Cyanuric acid (Chem.), an organic acid, {C3O3N3H3}, first obtained by heating uric acid or urea, and called {pyrouric acid}; afterwards obtained from {isocyanic acid}. It is a white crystalline substance, odorless and almost… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

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