overburden
31Surface mining methods — Auger mining recovers coal through the use of a large diameter drill driven into a coalbed in the side of a surface mine pit. It usually follows contour surface mining, particularly when the overburden is too costly to excavate. Area mining… …
32Salt tectonics — is concerned with the geometries and processes associated with the presence of significant thicknesses of rock salt within a sequence of rocks. This is due both to the low density of salt, which does not increase with burial, and its low strength …
33Oil well control — is the management of the dangerous effects caused by unexpected high pressures upon surface equipment of oil or gas drilling rigs. Technically, oil well control involves preventing Formation fluid, usually referred to as kick, from entering into… …
34Surface mining equipment — An Auger machine is a large, horizontal drill, generally 3 feet or more in diameter and up to about 100 feet long. It can remove coal at a rate of more than 25 tons per minute. A bucket wheel excavator is a continuous digging machine equipped …
35Surface mining — is a type of mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit are removed. It is the opposite of underground mining, in which the overlying rock is left in place, and the mineral removed through shafts or tunnels. Surface mining is… …
36mining — /muy ning/, n. 1. the act, process, or industry of extracting ores, coal, etc., from mines. 2. the laying of explosive mines. [1250 1300; ME: undermining (walls in an attack); see MINE2, ING1] * * * I Excavation of materials from the Earth s… …
37Strip or stripping ratio — The amount of overburden that must be removed to gain access to a unit amount of coal. A stripping ratio may be expressed as (1) thickness of overburden to thickness of coal, (2) volume of overburden to volume coal, (3) weight of overburden to… …
38Environmental effects of coal — There are a number of adverse environmental effects of coal mining and burning.These effects include: * release of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases causing climate change and global warming according to the IPCC.… …
39Mining — This article is about the extraction of geological materials from the Earth. For the municipality in Austria, see Mining, Austria. For the siege tactic, see Mining (military). For name of the Chinese emperor, see Daoguang Emperor. Simplified… …
40Bunker — This article is about the military fortification. For other uses, see Bunker (disambiguation). Bunkers in Albania A military bunker is a hardened shelter, often buried partly or fully underground, designed to protect the inhabitants from falling… …
