Convincing Ground massacre

Convincing Ground Massacre
Date 1833 or 1834 Location Portland, Victoria, Australia Coordinates: 38°16′42″S 141°39′34″E / 38.2784°S 141.6595°E / -38.2784; 141.6595 Result European victory, a massacre
Belligerents
Whalers	Kilcarer gundidj clan, Dhauwurd wurrung language
Commanders and leaders
Unknown	Unknown
Strength
Unknown	Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Unknown

When Portland, Victoria was established as a whaling station in 1829, there was tension between the local Indigenous Australian tribe, the Kilcarer gundidj clan of the Gunditjmara people and the whalers. In 1833 or 1834 this tension turned into a full fledged conflict in a dispute over a beached whale.^[1] The Convincing Ground is located in Portland Bay southwest of Melbourne, near the coastal town of Portland in the Shire of Glenelg and is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.^[2] Professor Lynette Russell from Australian Indigenous Studies at Monash University said "The Convincing Ground is probably the first recorded massacre site for Victoria."^[3]

Causes

The dispute appears to have arisen over the ownership of a beached whale.^[1]

The massacre

While reports are varied on casualties, it is clear that the Gunditjmara were determined to assert their right to the whale as traditional food and when challenged by the whalers, were aggressive in return.

According to Edward Henty and Police Magistrate James Blair in conversation with George Augustus Robinson, the Protector of Aborigines in 1841, the whalers withdrew to their sheds only to return with their firearms. Robinson's journal entry says "And the whalers then let fly, to use his expression, right and left upon the natives. He said the natives did not go away but got behind trees and threw spears and stones. They, however, did not much molest them after that." No mention was made in the conversation as to casualties. Later reports arising from a meeting in 1842 that Robinson had with Gunditjmara people stated only two members survived the massacre.^[4]

Reports vary between 60 and 200 Aborigines killed, including women and children.^[1]

The reason for this uncertainty over casualties and the actual date of the massacre appears to stem from the fact that the incident was only reported and documented several years after its occurrence. The earliest documented mention of the Convincing Ground locality is in an entry of Edward Henty's diary dated 18 October 1835.^[4]

George Augustus Robinson visited the site of the massacre in 1841 and talked with local squatters and made the following official report (although he made more extensive notes in his journal):

Among the remarkable places on the coast, is the 'Convincing Ground', originating in a severe conflict which took place in a few years previous between the Aborigines and the Whalers on which occasion a large number of the former were slain. The circumstances are that a whale had come on shore and the Natives who fed on the carcass claimed it was their own. The whalers said they would 'convince them' and had recourse to firearms. On this spot a fishery is now established.^[4]

Robinson was only briefed by Aborigines on the massacre when 30 men and women from various clans of the Gunditjmara people met with him on 23 March 1842 at Campbell's station on the Merri River and told him that all but two men of the Kilcarer gundidj clan were slain in the massacre. The two survivors were called Pollikeunnuc and Yarereryarerer and were adopted by the Cart Gundidj clan of Mount Clay. The Cart Gundidj would not allow any member of the clan to go near the settlement of Portland following the massacre, although in May 1842 Cart Gundidj resistance leader Partpoaermin was captured at the Convincing Ground after a violent struggle.^[4]

Also conflicting with Robinsons account is a letter dated 1841 from Police Magistrate Blair To Governor Latrobe [1]:

C. J. La Trobe Esqr. &c &c Melbourne [Annotation: attached] 2 10 June. am. A messenger has just arrived from the Convincing Ground with the intelligence that upwards of 200 Blacks have assembled there & the whalers are in consequence obliged to remain on shore, being in momentary expec- of an attack on their huts. This being the same site of the alleged massacre and upon the supposed sacred ground.

Historian Richard Broome estimated that about 60 were killed at the Convincing Ground massacre.^[5] Bruce Pascoe, in his book published in 2007 titled Convincing Ground - Learning to Fall in love with your country, said:

"The battle site became known as the Convincing Ground, the place where the Gundidjmara were ‘convinced’ of white rights to the land. The Gundidjmara were beaten in that battle but never convinced of its legitimacy."^[6]

Origin of 'Convincing Ground'

Further information: Convincing Ground

There has also been debate over the origin of the term, Convincing Ground, with three different European based accounts:

• Edward Henty and Police Magistrate Jim Blair's account of a violent altercation to "convince" the Aborigines of European "rights" to land and resources which led Robinson to believe a large number of people were slain;
• that it was a place where whalers settled disputes between themselves; and
• a popular account that the site was named by explorer Thomas Mitchell when he visited in August 1836, still being promoted in 2008 by Portland Rotary Club.^[7]

Henty's diary entry referring to the Convincing Ground by name in October 1835 precedes the visit of Mitchell so logically invalidates this account. Clark believes the account by Henty and Blair as told to Robinson is the most likely source of origin.^[4]

A fourth account - the oral tradition and reports by the Gunditjmara - was that a massacre took place almost wiping out an entire clan to "convince them" of white rights to the land."^[6]

Professor Clark told Message Stick documentary in 2007:

"If we deny the history that goes with the Convincing Ground - and that is both the very good documentary evidence that we have, plus the very good oral history that we have from the Gunditjmara People, we are denying Aboriginal people their history, and if we deny Aboriginal people their history, we are denying a major part of the history of Australia." .^[8]

Historical skepticism

Some historians such as Keith Windschuttle and Michael Connor contest that a massacre even occurred and accuse Aborigines of "exaggerating the case for political bloody-mindedness"^[9] and allege the story of the massacre is "myth-making" and "very dubious".^[10] According to Michael Connor, historian Damien Cash offered the following dissenting opinion on the documentary evidence considered at a hearing of the three person committee for the Victorian Heritage Council:

"the massacre claim was revealed as a case study in the misuse of historical evidence, beginning with a series of errors made by Robinson in 1841-42, and then perpetuated through a series of unreasonable conclusions and other errors made by historians and consultants."^[11]

Present day controversy

In 2005 a developer was granted the right to build homes on the site. This caused a dispute between the Western Victoria's Glenelg Shire Council and the local Koori community on whether or not the location should be protected.^[1]

Kilcarer clan traditional owner Walter Saunders, a descendant of one of the two massacre survivors, explained the cultural importance of the site on ABC radio:

"It stands on the same level as the Eureka Stockade and Gallipoli from our perspective. It is the first recorded massacre in the state. This is where Aboriginal people and non-Aboriginal people fought over the resources of this great country and they happened to kill a large number of my relatives and my mother's relatives."^[12]

As a result of a confidential agreement in 2007, some development would occur but the Convincing Ground would become a public reservation.^[13]

See also

• List of massacres in Australia
• Convincing Ground

External links

• Victorian Heritage Register: PROV H2079: Convincing Ground, Victorian Heritage Register Document (6.4 MB document)
• Museum Victoria: Encounters: Convincing Ground
• Convincing Ground, Michael Connor website, 2007.
• The Convincing Ground Pt 1, Australian Broadcasting Corporation TV Message Stick Documentary Transcript, Broadcast 19 February 2007.
• The Convincing Ground Pt 2, Australian Broadcasting Corporation TV Message Stick Documentary Transcript, Broadcast 26 February 2007.

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Martin Boulton, Anger over plans to build on massacre site, The Age, 28 January 2005. Accessed 26 November 2008
2. ^ Convincing Ground, Victorian Heritage Database. Accessed 27 November 2008
3. ^ The Convincing Ground Pt 1, Australian Broadcasting Corporation TV Message Stick Broadcast 19 February 2007. Accessed 27 November 2008
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} Ian D. Clark, pp17-22, Scars on the Landscape. A Register of Massacre sites in Western Victoria 1803-1859, Aboriginal Studies Press, 1995 ISBN 0855752815 Excerpt also published on Museum Victoria website, accessed 26 November 2008
5. ^ Richard Broome, pp81, Aboriginal Victorians: A History Since 1800, Allen & Unwin, 2005, ISBN 1741145694, ISBN 9781741145694
6. ^ ^{a b} Pascoe, Bruce (2007). Convincing Ground: Learning to fall in love with your country. Canberra, ACT: Aboriginal Studies Press, AIATSIS. p. 10. ISBN 9780855755492. http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/asp/aspbooks/convground.html. Retrieved 25 October 2011. 
7. ^ Portland About, Rotary Club of Portland website. Accessed 27 November 2008. This account says "Surveyor and explorer Thomas Mitchell visited Portland Bay during his search for good pasturage south of the Murray River in August 1836. He was amazed to find the settlement in existence. Indeed when an Aboriginal guide asserted that he could see houses and a ship at anchor Mitchell was disbelieving. However, when a boot print and broken bottle were found in the sand, and cattle tracks nearby, he was convinced and so named the beach area the 'Convincing Ground', by which name it is still known today."
8. ^ The Convincing Ground Pt 2, Australian Broadcasting Corporation TV Message Stick Broadcast 26 February 2007. Accessed 27 November 2008
9. ^ Bernard Lane, Convincing Arguments, The Australian, 30 September 2005. Accessed 27 November 2008
10. ^ Stuart Rintoul, Native title granted on massacre lands, The Australian, 31 March 2007. Accessed 28 November 2008
11. ^ Michael Connor, Convincing Ground, Michael Connor website, 2007. Accessed 28 November 2008
12. ^ Reporter: Freya Michie, The site where Aboriginal history is clashing with commercial development, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Stateline Radio News, Transcript, 21 October 2005. Accessed 27 November 2008
13. ^ Media Release, Media - Parties Agree on Convincing Ground, Glenelg Shire Council 29 January 2007. Accessed 27 November 2008