# Abstract analytic number theory

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Abstract analytic number theory

Abstract analytic number theory is a branch of mathematics which takes the ideas and techniques of classical analytic number theory and applies them to a variety of different mathematical fields. The classical prime number theorem serves as a prototypical example, and the emphasis is on abstract asymptotic distribution results. The theory was invented and developed by John Knopfmacher in the early 1970s.

Arithmetic semigroups

The fundamental notion involved is that of an "arithmetic semigroup", which is a commutative monoid "G" satisfying the following properties:

*There exists a countable subset (finite or countably infinite) "P" of "G", such that every element "a" ≠ 1 in "G" has a unique factorisation of the form

::$a = p_1^\left\{alpha_1\right\} p_2^\left\{alpha_2\right\} cdots p_r^\left\{alpha_r\right\}$

:where the "p""i" are distinct elements of "P", the α"i" are positive integers, "r" may depend on "a", and two factorisations are considered the same if they differ only by the order of the factors indicated. The elements of "P" are called the "primes" of "G".

*There exists a real-valued "norm mapping" $|mbox\left\{ \right\}|$ on "G" such that:#$|1| = 1$:#$|p| > 1 mbox\left\{ for all \right\} p in P$:#$|ab| = |a| |b| mbox\left\{ for all \right\} a,b in G$:#The total number $N_G\left(x\right)$ of elements $a in G$ of norm $|a| leq x$ is finite, for each real $x > 0$.

Examples

*The prototypical example of an arithmetic semigroup is the multiplicative semigroup of positive integers "G" = Z+ = {1, 2, 3, ...}, with subset of rational primes "P" = {2, 3, 5, ...}. Here, the norm of an integer is simply $|n| = n$, so that $N_G\left(x\right) = lfloor x floor$, the greatest integer not exceeding "x".
*If "K" is an algebraic number field, i.e. a finite extension of the field of rational numbers Q, then the set "G" of all nonzero ideals in the ring of integers "O""K" of "K" forms an arithmetic semigroup with identity element "O""K" and the norm of an ideal "I" is given by the cardinality of the quotient ring "O""K"/"I". In this case, the appropriate generalisation of the prime number theorem is the "Landau prime ideal theorem", which describes the asymptotic distribution of the ideals in "O""K".
*Various "arithmetical categories" which satisfy a theorem of Krull-Schmidt type can be considered. In all these cases, the elements of "G" are isomorphism classes in an appropriate category, and "P" consists of all isomorphism classes of "indecomposable" objects, i.e. objects which cannot be decomposed as a direct product of nonzero objects. Some typical examples are the following.
**The category of all finite abelian groups under the usual direct product operation and norm mapping $|A| = mbox\left\{ card\right\}\left(A\right)$. The indecomposable objects are the cyclic groups of prime power order.
**The category of all compact simply-connected globally symmetric Riemannian manifolds under the Riemannian product of manifolds and norm mapping $|M| = c^\left\{mbox\left\{dim \right\}M\right\}$, where "c" > 1 is fixed, and dim "M" denotes the manifold dimension of "M". The indecomposable objects are the compact simply-connected "irreducible" symmetric spaces.
**The category of all pseudometrisable finite topological spaces under the topological sum and norm mapping $|X| = 2^\left\{mbox\left\{card\right\}\left(X\right)\right\}$. The indecomposable objects are the connected spaces.

Methods and techniques

The use of arithmetic functions and zeta functions is extensive. The idea is to extend the various arguments and techniques of arithmetic functions and zeta functions in classical analytic number theory to the context of an arbitrary arithmetic semigroup which may satisfy one or more additional axioms. Such a typical axiom is the following, usually called "Axiom A" in the literature:

*"Axiom A". There exist positive constants $A$ and $delta$, and a constant $u$ with $0 le u < delta$, such that $N_G\left(x\right) = Ax^\left\{delta\right\} + O\left(x^\left\{ u\right\}\right) mbox \left\{ as \right\} x ightarrow infin.$

For any arithmetic semigroup which satisfies Axiom "A", we have the following "abstract prime number theorem":

:$pi_G\left(x\right) sim frac\left\{x^\left\{delta\left\{delta log x\right\} mbox \left\{ as \right\} x ightarrow infin$

where π"G"("x") = total number of elements "p" in "P" of norm |"p"| ≤ "x".

The notion of "arithmetical formation" provides a generalisation of the ideal class group in algebraic number theory and allows for abstract asymptotic distribution results under constraints. In the case of number fields, for example, this is Chebotarev's density theorem.

References

*cite book | title=Abstract Analytic Number Theory | author=John Knopfmacher | publisher=Dover Publishing | year=1975 | isbn=0-486-66344-2
*cite book | author=Hugh L. Montgomery | authorlink=Hugh Montgomery (mathematician) | coauthors=Robert C. Vaughan | title=Multiplicative number theory I. Classical theory | series=Cambridge tracts in advanced mathematics | volume=97 | year=2007 | isbn=0-521-84903-9 | pages=278

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