Jacobus Groenendaal

Infobox_President
name=Jacobus Groenendaal


order1=Member of the Volksraad of the
Orange Free State
term_start1= 1853
term_end1= 23 February 1854
term_start2= 1858
term_end2= 27 November 1860
order3=Government Secretary of the
Orange Free State
term_start3= 23 February 1854
term_end3= January 1856
predecessor3=New office
successor3=J.W. Spruyt
order4=Treasurer General of the
Orange Free State
term_start4= 23 February 1854
term_end4= [August] 1855
predecessor4=New office
successor4=
order5=Acting State President of the Orange Free State
term_start5= Early April
term_end5= 18 April 1854
predecessor5=J.P. Hoffman
successor5=J.P. Hoffman
birth_date=birth date|1805|11|1|df=y
birth_place= Heerewaarden, Netherlands
death_date=death date and age|1860|11|27|1805|11|1|df=y
death_place= Fauresmith, Orange Free State
spouse1= Johanna Antoinet Helderman
spouse2=
occupation=schoolteacher
alma_mater=
religion=Dutch Reformed

Jacobus Groenendaal (Heerewaarden, Netherlands, 1 November 1805 – Fauresmith, Orange Free State, 27 November1860) was a South African politician of Dutch origin, member of the Volksraad of the Orange Free State and the republic's first Treasurer General and Government Secretary in office from 1854 to 1855 and 1856 repectively. [ [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/South_Africa.html#Orange Worldstatesmen.org] .]

Groenendaal was on of the many Dutch immigrants that settled in South Africa around the middle of the nineteenth century. He was a schoolteacher by training, but quickly became an influential politician, first in the negotiations about the formation of the Orange Free State, and afterwards as a parlementarian and office holder. His political career was hampered by bad health and differences of opinion with State President Boshoff, and eventually cut short by his early death.

Groenendaal left an important political legacy in the form of the Orange free State constitution, in the draft of which he played an important role.

Early life and migration

Groenendaal was born in Heerewaarden, the Netherlands, son of a farmer in that village.Van der Schyff, 'Groenendaal, Jacobus', 347-left] He was trained as a schoolteacher, and worked in a primary school in the Dutch town of Amersfoort in the late 1840s. Several articles written in 1848 and 1849 by professor U.G. Lauts about Dutch relations with South Africa, and the need for Dutch assistance in the field of education and public administration, inspired Groenendaal to get in touch with Lauts. [cite web | last = Bergman| first = J.T. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = "Levensberigt van Ulrich Gerard Lauts" | work = Jaarboek van de Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde 1867| publisher = E.J. Brill, Leiden | date = 1867 | url = http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_jaa002186701_01/_jaa002186701_01_0021.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-04-08] On his recommendation Groenendaal emigrated to South Africa in 1849, already forty-four years old, but still single. From Cape Town, where he arrived with several other Dutch migrants, Groenendaal travelled to the Orange River Sovereignty, where he established himself in February 1850 as government teacher in Rietrivier in Sannah's Poort (now Fauresmith).

In the years after, Groenendaal strongly propagated Dutch migration to South Africa, bringing migrants to the Orange River Sovereignty privately. In this enterprise he co-operated with Lauts, and they continued their 'business' after the independence of the Orange Free State. When circumtances for migration deteriorated, both Groenendaal and Lauts were critisised for their actions.

Political career

The inhabitants of Sannah's Poort appointed Groenendaal as their representative to the conference in Bloemfontein of 5 September 1853, where a possible political independence of the Orange River Sovereignty was first discussed. During the negotiations, the delegates appointed him a member of the Council of Representatives, charged with the negotiations about the final take-over of sovereignty, which resulted in the Orange River Convention. [cite book | last = Muller | first = | authorlink = Hendrik Pieter Nicolaas Muller | title = Oude tyden in den Oranje-Vrystaat. | pages = 37, 306.]

As a member of the Volksraad Groenendaal and his fellow member J.M. Orpen, an Irishman, were the dominant forces behind the drafting of a constitution. After the formation of the Orange Free State Groenendaal was appointed its first State Secretary, a title soon changed to Government Secretary. [cite book | last = Muller | first = | authorlink = Hendrik Pieter Nicolaas Muller | title = Oude tyden in den Oranje-Vrystaat. | pages = 45-46.] He ws also appointed the state's Treasurer General. In April 1854 he briefly acted as State President for J.P. Hoffman. [ [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/South_Africa.html#Orange Worldstatesmen.org] .] Van der Schyff, 'Groenendaal, Jacobus', 347-right.]

Groenendaal and State President Hoffman did get along well together, and they briefly established a solid political and administrative basis for the new state. Both Groenendaal and Hoffman were cripples, reason for their government to quickly gain the nickname 'the crippled government', but this did not reflect the true affairs of the state. [cite journal | last = Collins | first = R.D. | authorlink = | title = Herinneringen | journal = South African News (Christmas Issue) | pages = 26 | date = 1906 cited in cite book | last = Muller | first = | authorlink = Hendrik Pieter Nicolaas Muller | title = Oude tyden in den Oranje-Vrystaat. | pages = 45, 306-309.]

After State President Hoffman was forced to retire because of the 'gunpowder incident', Groenendaal remained in office. However, his relationship with the new State President, Boshoff, was much less cordial than that with Hoffman. One reason was the chaotic state of affairs at the Treasury, for which Groenendaal was responsible, and which Boshoff quickly critisised.

Plagued by poor health (first fevers, later a serious disease of his leg) forced Groenendaal to go on leave for several months in 1855-1856. State President Boshoff took the opportunity to request the Volksraad to dismiss him as Treasurer General. In January 1856 Groenendaal was forced to resign as Government Secretary. The resignation was followed by a period in which Groenendaal kept away from active politics, although he did get involved in political debate through letters in the local press. In these he strongly critisised Boshoff's policies with regard to land speculation. Groenendaal, though not a very powerful figure, still had allies in the Volksraad, which appointed him member of a commission to oversee the state budget for 1858, much to the dismay of President Boshoff.

In November 1858, Groenendaal was re-elected to the Volksraad for the constituency of Midden-Rietrivier en Grootrivier in Sannah's Poort Fauresmith. This time, he found himself on the side of Boshoff, and up against a majority of the Volksraad, in the debate about unification of the Orange Free State with the South African Republic. Groenendaal, Boshoff, and State Attorney H.A.L. Hamelberg were all for a federation with the Cape Colony instead.

Groenendaal was much occupied with the foundation of the state, both in its basic structure, its state apparatus, and its paraphernalia, like a coat of arms and a flag. At the same time he strongly pressed for international recognition, especially from the Netherlands. A state press was to curb the influence of the British priniting press and newespapers in the Orange Free State. In a sense, Groenendaal was a progenitor of Afrikaner (Free State) nationalism. He remained an active member of the Volksraad until his death.Van der Schyff, 'Groenendaal, Jacobus', 348-left.]

Groenendaal married late in life, in 1858, with Johanna Antoinet Helderman, widow of P.W. van der Merwe. He died in his house in Fauresmith on 27 November 1860, only fifty-five years old. [cite book | last = Muller | first = | authorlink = Hendrik Pieter Nicolaas Muller | title = Oude tyden in den Oranje-Vrystaat. | pages = 73. could be read as if Groenendaal died after 1883; this is incorrect.]

Bibliography

* [Groenendaal, J.] , 'Die reisbeskrywing van Jacobus Groenendaal: 'n blik op die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing deur én Nederlandse landverhuiser in 1850', Historische Studies, Julie 1941.

References

Notes

Literature

* cite book
last = Muller
first = H.P.N.
authorlink = Hendrik Pieter Nicolaas Muller
title = Oude tyden in den Oranje-Vrystaat. Naar Mr. H.A.L. Hamelberg's nagelaten papieren beschreven
publisher = E.J. Brill
location = Leiden
date = 1907
pages = 383p.
doi =
isbn =
* cite encyclopedia
last = Schyff, van der
first = P.F.
authorlink =
title = Groenendaal, Jacobus
encyclopedia = Suid-Afrikaanse Biografiese Woordeboek
volume = 1
pages = 347-348
location = Kaapstad & Johannesburg
date = 1968 |

Persondata
NAME = Groenendaal, Jacobus
ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
SHORT DESCRIPTION = South African politician and statesman
DATE OF BIRTH = 1 November 1805
PLACE OF BIRTH = Heerewaarden, Netherlands
DATE OF DEATH = 27 November 1860
PLACE OF DEATH = Fauresmith, Orange Free State