State funeral of John F. Kennedy

State funeral of John F. Kennedy
Robert Kennedy and Jean Kennedy seen following Jacqueline Kennedy as she leaves the United States Capitol with John Kennedy Jr. and Caroline Kennedy, after viewing John F. Kennedy lying in state, 1963.

The state funeral of John F. Kennedy took place in Washington, DC during the three days that followed his assassination on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[1]

The body of President Kennedy was brought back to Washington, D.C. and placed on the East Room of the White House for 24 hours.[2][3] On the Sunday after the assassination, his coffin was carried on a horse-drawn caisson to the U.S. Capitol to lie in state.[4] Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket.[5] Representatives from over 90 countries attended the state funeral on Monday, November 25.[6] After the Requiem Mass at St. Matthew's Cathedral, the late president was laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.

Contents

Preparations for the state funeral

After John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, his body was flown back to Washington, D.C.[7] At the same time, military authorities started planning his state funeral.[8] Army Major General Philip C. Wehle, the commanding general of the Military District of Washington (MDW) (CG MDW), and the chief of ceremonies and special events at the MDW, retired Army Colonel Paul C. Miller, planned the funeral.[9][10] They headed to the White House and worked with the president's brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver, also director of the Peace Corps, and an aide to the president.[9] Because Kennedy had no funeral plan in place, much of the planning rested with the CG MDW.[9]

House Speaker John W. McCormack said that the President's body would be brought back to the White House to lie in the East Room the following day and then taken to the Capitol to lie in state in the Rotunda all day Sunday.[11]

The day after the assassination, Johnson issued Presidential Proclamation 3561, declaring Monday to be a national day of mourning,[12][13] and only essential emergency workers to be at their posts.[14][15]

Several elements of the state funeral paid tribute to Kennedy's service in the Navy during World War II.[16] They included a member of the Navy bearing the presidential flag,[16] the Navy Hymn, "Eternal Father, Strong to Save," and the Naval Academy Glee Club performing at the White House.[17]

White House repose

President John F. Kennedy lies in repose in the White House East Room.

After the autopsy at Bethesda Naval Hospital, Kennedy's body was prepared for burial by embalmers from Gawler's Funeral Home in Washington, who performed the embalming and cosmetic restoration procedures at Bethesda, as opposed to the funeral home.[18][19] The body was then put in a coffin made of 500-year old African mahogany,[20][21][22] as some of the handles and ornaments on the bronze one that carried the body from Dallas had been damaged en route.[20]

The body of President Kennedy was returned to the White House at nearly 4:30 a.m., Saturday, November 23.[23] The motorcade bearing the remains was met at the White House gate by a Marine honor guard, which escorted it to the North Portico, where it was borne to the East Room.[19] After being placed in the East Room, Jacqueline Kennedy declared that the casket would be kept closed for the duration of the viewing and funeral. However, the views were conflicting as to why she declared the casket to be closed. Religious leaders said that it minimized morbid concentration on the corpse.[24] The White House said that Kennedy was shot in the head and neck and that the head wound was a gaping one.[25] Mrs. Kennedy, still wearing the blood-stained raspberry-colored suit she wore in Dallas,[3] had to that point refused to leave the side of her husband's body since his death, the only exceptions being during his autopsy and the swearing-in of President Johnson.[26] Only after the casket was placed in the East Room, now decorated with black crepe,[27] did she retire to her private quarters. She requested that two Catholic priests remain with the body until the official funeral. A call was made to the Catholic University of America and Msgr. Robert Paul Mohan and Fr. Gilbert Hartke, two prominent Washington, D.C. priests were immediately dispatched for the task.[28]

Kennedy's casket remained in the East Room for 24 hours, as he lay in repose (then, the term "lying in repose" meant private, as opposed to a public lying in state.[29]).[30]

A Mass was said in the East Room at 10:30 a.m. on Saturday, November 23.[27] After that, other family members, friends, and other government officials came at specified times to pay their respects,[31] including former U.S. Presidents Truman and Eisenhower (The other surviving former U.S. president at the time, Herbert Hoover, was too ill to attend and was represented by his sons. Herbert Hoover Jr. attended the funeral, while Allan Hoover went to the services in the rotunda;[32][33] Hoover died 11 months afterward).[31]

Kennedy lay where, nearly one hundred years earlier, Lincoln had lain.[34] An honor guard and two priests stood vigil over his remains.[27] The honor guard included troops from the 3rd Infantry and from the Army's Special Forces (Green Berets).[35] The Special Forces troops had been brought hurriedly from Fort Bragg, North Carolina, at the request of Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, who was aware of his brother's particular interest in them.[35]

The catafalque upon which the remains rested was the same one used in 1958 during the funerals of the Unknown Soldiers from the Korean War and World War II at Arlington.[36]

Lying in state

President Lyndon B. Johnson placing a wreath before the flag-draped casket of President Kennedy, during funeral services held in the United States Capitol Rotunda, November 24, 1963.

On Sunday afternoon about 300,000 people watched a horse-drawn caisson, which had borne the body of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Unknown Soldier, carry Kennedy's flag-covered casket down the White House drive, past parallel rows of soldiers bearing the flags of the 50 states of the Union, then along Pennsylvania Avenue to the Capitol Rotunda to lie in state.[37] The only sounds on Pennsylvania Avenue as the cortège made its way to the Capitol were the sounds of the muffled drums and the clacking of horses' hooves, including the riderless horse Black Jack.[4]

The widow, holding her two children, one in each hand, led the public mourning for the country.[38][39] In the rotunda, Mrs. Kennedy and her daughter Caroline knelt beside the casket, which rested on the Lincoln catafalque.[40] Three-year-old John Jr. was briefly taken out of the rotunda so as not to disrupt the service.[39] Mrs. Kennedy maintained her composure as her husband was taken to the Capitol to lie in state, as well as during the memorial service.[39]

Brief eulogies were delivered inside the rotunda by Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield of Montana, Chief Justice Earl Warren, and Speaker McCormack.[41]

Kennedy was the first president in more than 30 years to lie in state in the rotunda, the previous one was the first president (and also the first chief justice) to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery, William Howard Taft, in 1930.[42] He was also the first Democrat to lie in state at the Capitol.[43]

Public viewing

In the only public viewing, hundreds of thousands lined up in near-freezing temperatures to view the casket.[44] Over the span of 18 hours, 250,000 people, some waiting for as long as 10 hours in a line that stretched 40 blocks up to 10 persons wide over nearly 10 miles,[45] personally paid their respects as Kennedy's body lay in state.[44][46] Capitol police officers politely reminded mourners to keep moving along in two lines that passed on either side of the casket and exited the building on the west side facing the National Mall.[44][4]

The original plan was for the rotunda was to close at 9:00 p.m. and reopen for an hour at 9:00 the next morning.[47][3] Because of long lines however, police and military authorities decided to keep the doors open. At 9:00 p.m. both Jacqueline Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy returned to the rotunda.[48] More than half the mourners came to the rotunda after 2:45 p.m., by which time 115,000 had already visited.[49] Military officials doubled the lines, first to two abreast, then to four abreast.[49]

NBC broadcast uninterrupted coverage of the people passing through the Capitol rotunda during the overnight hours.[50][51] Today co-host Hugh Downs said when hosting the show from Washington the next day that the mass numbers made it "the greatest and most solemn wake in history."[52] CBS Washington correspondent Roger Mudd said of the mass numbers: "This outpouring of affection and sympathy for the late president is probably the most majestic and stately ceremony the American people can perform."[46] Jersey Joe Walcott, a former heavyweight boxing champion, agreed with Mudd, saying of Kennedy after he passed by the bier at 2:30 a.m.,[47] "He was a great man."[45]

Arrival of dignitaries

Nations that attended the funeral (blue) or whose dignitaries arrived too late, but attended Lyndon B. Johnson's reception on Nov. 25 (pink).

As Kennedy lay in state, foreign dignitaries—including heads of state and government and members of royal families—started to converge on Washington to attend the state funeral on Monday.[53] Secretary of State Dean Rusk and other State Department personnel went out to both of Washington's commercial airports, to personally greet foreign dignitaries.[54][55][56]

Some of the dignitaries that arrived on Sunday to attend the funeral included Soviet First Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan,[57] French President Charles de Gaulle, Canadian Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, The Duke of Edinburgh representing Queen Elizabeth II, British Prime Minister Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Irish President Éamon de Valera, and Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie.[58][59] Queen Frederika of Greece, and King Baudouin I of the Belgians were just some of the other members of royalty attending. Some law enforcement officials, including MPDC Chief Robert V. Murray, later said that it was the biggest security nightmare they ever faced.[54][60] De Valera visited the rotunda.[61][49]

Funeral

As people were viewing the casket, military authorities held meetings at the White House, at MDW headquarters, and at Arlington National Cemetery on Monday's events.[62] First, they decided that the public viewing should end at 09:00 EST.[44][49]

Unlike Sunday's procession, which was led by only the muffled drum corps, Monday's was expanded to include other military units.[63][64] Military officials also agreed on what the widowed Mrs. Kennedy requested. They included two foreign military units—pipers from the Scottish Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) marching in the procession from the White House to St. Matthew's Roman Catholic Cathedral and a group of 24 Irish Defence Forces cadets performing silent drill at the grave site—and an eternal flame at the grave.[65] The cadets came from the Military College of Ireland in Curragh, County Kildare, which is Ireland's equivalent to West Point,[66] due to the impression created by a similar display at Arbour Hill Barracks in Dublin by cadets during the visit of President Kennedy to Ireland just five months before.[67] The cadets traveled on the plane to the funeral with Irish President Éamon de Valera.[66]

Approximately one million people lined the route of the funeral procession, from the Capitol back to the White House, then to St. Matthew's Cathedral, and finally to Arlington National Cemetery.[68] Millions more—almost the entire population of America—followed the funeral on television.[68] Those who watched the funeral on television were the only ones who saw the ceremonies in its entirety.[69] The three networks, ABC, CBS, and NBC, needed at least 50 cameras for the joint coverage in order to allow viewers to follow the proceedings from the Capitol to Arlington without missing a moment.[70] In addition, their respective Washington bureau chiefs (Bob Fleming at ABC, Bill Small at CBS, and Bill Monroe at NBC) also moved correspondents and cameras to keep them ahead of the cortege.[70][71]

The day's events began at 8:25 a.m., when the MPDC cut off the line of mourners waiting to get into the rotunda because a large group of people tried to crash the line and weren't able to sort the people in line out, many had waited for 5 hours.[44][72] Thirty-five minutes, later, the doors closed, ending the lying in state, though the last visitors passed through at 9:05 a.m.[44][72]

At 10:00 a.m., both houses of Congress met to pass resolutions expressing sorrow.[73][74] In the Senate, Maine Republican Senator Margaret Chase Smith laid a single rose on the desk Kennedy occupied when in the Senate.[75]

Procession to cathedral

The caparisoned, riderless horse named "Black Jack" during a departure ceremony held on the center steps at the United States Capitol Building.
A limbers and caissons bearing the casket of President John F. Kennedy seen moving down the White House drive on the way to St. Matthew's Cathedral on November 25, 1963. A color guard holding the presidential colors, the flag of the President of the United States, and the riderless horse "Black Jack", follow behind.
John F. Kennedy, Jr. salutes his father's casket while standing next to Jacqueline Kennedy, who is holding Caroline Kennedy's hand; Senator Ted Kennedy and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy are seen behind them.

After Mrs. Kennedy and her brothers-in-law, Attorney General Robert Kennedy and Massachusetts Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy visited the rotunda, the coffin was carried out onto the caisson. At 10:50, the caisson left the Capitol.[72][76] Ten minutes later, the procession began,[72] making its way back to the White House, where it resumed on foot to St. Matthew's Cathedral, led by Kennedy's widow and the Kennedy brothers. They walked the same route the widow took quite often with the President when going to Mass at the cathedral.[77] This also marked the first time that a first lady walked in her husband's funeral procession.[78] The two Kennedy children rode in a limousine behind them.[79] The rest of the Kennedy family, apart from the President's father, Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., who was ill,[80] waited at the cathedral.[81]

The new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, his wife, Lady Bird and their two daughters, Luci and Lynda, also marched in the procession, though he was told not to do so because of the assassination. However, LBJ recounted his experiences in his memoirs saying, "I remember marching behind the caisson to St. Matthew's Cathedral. The muffled rumble of drums set up a heartbreaking echo."[82] Merle Miller quoted him as having said, "Walking in the procession was especially one of the most difficult decisions I had to make," but it was something he could do, should do, would do, and did so.[83] When he moved into the Oval Office the next day, there was a letter from Mrs. Kennedy on his desk.[83] The first thing she wrote was thanking him for marching in the procession.[83]

Not since the funeral of Britain's King Edward VII in 1910, had there been such a large gathering of presidents, prime ministers, and royalty at a state funeral.[84][85] In all, 220 foreign dignitaries, including 19 heads of state and government, and members of royal families, from 92 countries, five international agencies, and the papacy attended the funeral.[6] Most of the dignitaries passed unnoticed, strolling respectfully behind the former first lady and the Kennedy family during the relatively short walk to the cathedral along Connecticut Avenue.[6] As the dignitaries marched, there was a heavy security presence because of concerns for the potential assassination of so many world leaders,[86] with the heaviest being for French President Charles de Gaulle.[87] Under Secretary of State George Ball manned the operations center at the State Department so that no incident happened.[88]

NBC transmitted coverage of the procession from the White House to the cathedral by satellite to twenty-three countries, including Japan and the Soviet Union.[70] However, satellite coverage ended when the coffin went into the cathedral.[89] In the Soviet Union, their commentators said that "the grief of the Soviet people mingles with the grief of the American people."[89] However, there was no coverage in East Germany, where television audiences had only a soccer match to watch.[89]

The widow, wearing a black veil, and holding the hands of her two children, John Jr., who celebrated his third birthday on the day of his father's funeral,[79] on her left, and Caroline, on her right, led the way up the steps of the cathedral.[90]

Funeral Mass at cathedral

About 1,200 invited guests attended the funeral Mass in the cathedral.[91] The Archbishop of Boston, Richard Cardinal Cushing, celebrated the Pontifical Requiem Low Mass at the cathedral where Kennedy, a practicing Catholic, often worshipped.[92] Cardinal Cushing was a close friend of the family who had witnessed and blessed the marriage of Senator Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier in 1953.[93] He had also baptized two of their children, given the invocation at President Kennedy's inauguration, and officiated at the recent funeral of their infant son, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy.[93]

At the request of the First Lady, the Requiem Mass was a Low Mass.[94] That is, when Mass is recited or spoken and not sung, with it being a simplified version of the Mass.[94] Two months later, Cardinal Cushing offered a pontifical Solemn High Requiem Mass at Holy Cross Cathedral in Boston with the city's orchestra and choir singing Mozart's Requiem setting.[95]

Rather than a formal eulogy at the Low Requiem Mass, not permitted by the Catholic Church, the Roman Catholic Auxiliary Bishop of Washington, the Most Reverend Philip M. Hannan, decided to read selections from Kennedy's writings and speeches. The readings included a passage from the third chapter of Ecclesiastes: "There is an appointed time for everything...a time to be born and a time to die...a time to love and a time to hate...a time of war and a time of peace."[93] He then concluded his remarks by reading the entire Inaugural Address.[96]

As he did during their wedding ten years earlier, Luigi Vena sang Franz Schubert's Ave Maria after the offertory.[97] Jacqueline Kennedy had requested it and for a few moments she lost her composure and sobbed as this music filled the cathedral.[6]

Burial

The casket was borne again by caisson on the final leg to Arlington National Cemetery for burial.[98] Moments after the casket was carried down the front steps of the cathedral, Jacqueline Kennedy whispered to her son, after which he saluted his father's coffin;[79] the image became an iconic representation of the 1960s. The children were deemed to be too young to attend the final burial service, so this was the point where the children said goodbye to their father.[99]

Virtually everyone else followed the caisson in a long line of black limousines passing by the Lincoln Memorial and crossing the Potomac River. However, many of the military units did not participate in the burial service and left just after crossing the Potomac.[100] Because the line of cars taking the foreign dignitaries was long, the last cars carrying the dignitaries left St. Matthew's as the procession entered the cemetery.[98][101] The burial services had already begun when the last car arrived.[91]

At the end of the burial services, the widow lit an eternal flame to burn continuously over his grave.[91] At 3:34 p.m. EST, the casket containing his remains was lowered into the earth as "Kennedy slipped out of mortal sight—out of sight but not out of heart and mind."[98] Kennedy thus became only the second president to be buried at Arlington, after Taft.[102] He was buried at Arlington exactly two weeks to the day he last visited there, when he came for Veteran's Day observances.[103][102]

Gallery

See also

  • State funerals in the United States

References

Inline citations
  1. ^ United Press International & American Heritage Magazine 1964, pp. 3–5
  2. ^ Raymond, Jack (November 23, 1963). "President's Body Will Lie in State". The New York Times: p. 1. 
  3. ^ a b c Raymond, Jack (November 24, 1963). "Kennedy's Body Lies in the White House". New York Times: p. 1. 
  4. ^ a b c Wicker, Tom (November 25, 1963). "Grieving Throngs View Kennedy Bier". The New York Times: p. 1. 
  5. ^ Associated Press 1963, p. 91
  6. ^ a b c d Wicker, Tom (November 26, 1963). "Kennedy Laid to Rest in Arlington". The New York Times: p. 1. 
  7. ^ Mossman & Stark 1971, pp. 188–189
  8. ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 22, 26
  9. ^ a b c Mossman & Stark 1971, p. 188
  10. ^ Chapman, William (November 27, 1963). "Tense Hours of Planning Assured Kennedy Rites' Flawless Precision". The Washington Post: p. A5. 
  11. ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 28, 38
  12. ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 72–73
  13. ^ United Press International & American Heritage Magazine 1964, pp. 52–53
  14. ^ Kenworthy, E.W. (November 24, 1963). "Johnson Orders Day of Mourning". New York Times: p. 1. 
  15. ^ "Government Offices Closed by President". The Washington Post: p. A15. November 24, 1963. 
  16. ^ a b Chapman, William (November 25, 1963). "217-Man Cortege Takes Body to Hill". The Washington Post: p. A2. 
  17. ^ Lowens, Irving (December 1, 1963). "Accurate Listing of Funeral music". The Washington Star. http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Ready-Reference/JFK-Miscellaneous-Information/Funeral-Music.aspx. Retrieved August 22, 2011. 
  18. ^ Associated Press 1963, p. 30
  19. ^ a b Mossman & Stark 1971, p. 190
  20. ^ a b Associated Press 1963, p. 31
  21. ^ Heymann, C. David (1998). RFK: a candid biography of Robert F. Kennedy. New York: Dutton. p. 350. 
  22. ^ Kinney, Doris G.; Smith, Marcia; Moser, Penny Ward (November 1983). "4 days that stopped America; the Kennedy assassination, 20 years later". Life 6 (24): 48. 
  23. ^ Associated Press 1963, p. 36
  24. ^ United Press International (November 27, 1963). "Mrs. Kennedy's Opposition To Open Coffin Explained". The New York Times: p. 18. 
  25. ^ Associated Press (November 28, 1963). "Closed Coffin Explained by White House". The Washington Post: p. B8. 
  26. ^ Robertson, Nan (November 24, 1963). "Children Learn Father Is Dead; Mother Returns to White House". The New York Times: p. 3. 
  27. ^ a b c White 1965, p. 14
  28. ^ Santo Pietro, Mary Jo (2002). Father Hartke: His Life and Legacy to the American Theater. Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. 
  29. ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 30, 35
  30. ^ Associated Press 1963, pp. 37, 56–57, 68
  31. ^ a b Mossman & Stark 1971, p. 191
  32. ^ "Hoover Jr. Will Represent Father at Funeral Service". The New York Times: p. 11. November 24, 1963. 
  33. ^ United Press International (November 24, 1963). "Hoover's Sons to Pay Honors for Father". Chicago Tribune: p. 11. 
  34. ^ Associated Press 1963, pp. 36–37
  35. ^ a b Mossman & Stark 1971, pp. 190–191
  36. ^ Mossman & Stark 1971, p. 189
  37. ^ Friendly, Alfred (November 25, 1963). "300,000 Join in Tributes to Kennedy As Notables Arrive for Funeral Today". The Washington Post: p. A1. 
  38. ^ White 1965, p. 16
  39. ^ a b c Hunter, Marjorie (November 25, 1963). "Mrs. Kennedy Leads Public Mourning". New York Times: p. 1. 
  40. ^ Associated Press 1963, p. 81
  41. ^ Mudd 2008, p. 131
  42. ^ United Press International (November 26, 1963). "Kennedy is 6th President to Lie in Capitol Rotunda". The New York Times: p. 7. 
  43. ^ Warden, Philip (November 24, 1963). "Body to Lie in State Today at Capitol". Chicago Tribune: p. 3. 
  44. ^ a b c d e f Franklin, Ben A. (November 26, 1963). "250,000 Mourners File Silently Past Coffin in Capitol's Rotunda During 18 Hours". The New York Times: p. 10. 
  45. ^ a b Cornell, Douglas B. (November 26, 1963). "Kennedy Laid to Final Rest". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press: p. 1. 
  46. ^ a b Mudd 2008, p. 132
  47. ^ a b Associated Press 1963, p. 91
  48. ^ United Press International & American Heritage Magazine 1964, p. 97
  49. ^ a b c d Associated Press (November 25, 1963). "Thousands Pass Bier at Night Despite the Cold and Long Wait". New York Times: p. 2. 
  50. ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 122–123
  51. ^ Adams, Val (November 26, 1963). "Back to Normal for Radio and TV". The New York Times: p. 75. "NBC...for five hours yesterday morning (2 to 7 a.m.)...televised only one scene. It came from a stationary camera focused on the thousands filing past the bier of President Kennedy in the Capitol rotunda." 
  52. ^ NBC News 1966, p. 131
  53. ^ Frankel, Max (November 25, 1963). "Officials of Nearly 100 Lands in U.S.—They Will Meet Johnson". New York Times: p. 1. 
  54. ^ a b Duscha, Julius (November 25, 1963). "Kings, Presidents and Premiers Here". The Washington Post: p. A1. 
  55. ^ Rusk, Dean (1990). As I saw it. New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 321–322. 
  56. ^ Ball, George W. (1982). The past has another pattern: memoirs (1st ed.). New York: Norton. 
  57. ^ Tanner, Henry (November 25, 1963). "Mikoyan Flies to Washington As Russians Praise Kennedy". New York Times: p. 7. 
  58. ^ "List of Dignitaries Expected at Kennedy's Funeral". New York Times: p. 6. November 25, 1963. 
  59. ^ "Additional List of Dignitaries at President Kennedy's Funeral". New York Times: p. 6. November 26, 1963. 
  60. ^ Franklin, Ben A. (November 25, 1963). "Dignitaries Pose Big Security Risk". New York Times: p. 7. 
  61. ^ NBC News 1966, p. 121
  62. ^ Mossman & Stark 1971, p. 198
  63. ^ Mossman & Stark 1971, pp. 200, 203
  64. ^ United Press International & American Heritage Magazine 1964, p. 139
  65. ^ Mossman & Stark 1971, pp. 201, 202, 205
  66. ^ a b Raymond, Jack (November 26, 1963). "Riderless Horse an Ancient Tradition". New York Times: p. 10. 
  67. ^ Malin, Brendan (November 26, 1963). "Why Irish Guards Were Invited". The Boston Globe: p. 15. 
  68. ^ a b United Press International & American Heritage Magazine 1964, p. 99
  69. ^ White 1965, pp. 16–17
  70. ^ a b c Shepard, Richard F. (November 26, 1963). "Television Pools Camera Coverage". The New York Times: p. 11. 
  71. ^ Mudd 2008, p. 130
  72. ^ a b c d "Timetable of the Kennedy Funeral and Procession". New York Times: p. 4. November 26, 1963. 
  73. ^ NBC News 1966, p. 133
  74. ^ Morris, John D. (November 26, 1963). "Both Houses of Congress Meet to Adopt Resolutions of Sorrow on Kennedy Death". New York Times: p. 7. 
  75. ^ Warden, Philip (November 26, 1963). "Red Rose Marks Kennedy's Senate Desk". Chicago Tribune: p. A6. 
  76. ^ United Press International & American Heritage Magazine 1964, p. 100
  77. ^ NBC News 1966, p. 139
  78. ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 126, 139
  79. ^ a b c United Press International & American Heritage Magazine 1964, p. 114
  80. ^ "Joseph Kennedy Controls Grief; Sees Part of Proceedings on TV". The New York Times: p. 5. November 26, 1963. 
  81. ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 139–140
  82. ^ Johnson, Lyndon (1971). The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963-1969. New York: Holt, Reinhart, and Winston. 
  83. ^ a b c Miller, Merle (1980). Lyndon: An Oral Biography. New York: Putnam. 
  84. ^ NBC News 1966, p. 140
  85. ^ Duscha, Julius (November 26, 1963). "Mighty World Rulers Pay Humble Tribute". The Washington Post: p. A1. 
  86. ^ Lewis, Alfred E. (November 26, 1963). "Net of Security Blankets Washington". The Washington Post: p. A12. 
  87. ^ "Security for de Gaulle Is Tightest in Big Four". The Washington Post: p. C13. November 26, 1963. 
  88. ^ The Dallas Morning News (1990). November 22: The Day Remembered. Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 0878337113. 
  89. ^ a b c Reuters (November 26, 1963). "Telstar Carries Rites". Chicago Tribune: p. 10. 
  90. ^ NBC News 1966, p. 140
  91. ^ a b c Smith, Merriman (November 26, 1963). "America Buries a Martyred President". The Boston Globe. United Press International: p. 1. 
  92. ^ Cassels, Louis (November 26, 1963). The Boston Globe. United Press International: p. 1. 
  93. ^ a b c Associated Press 1963, p. 94
  94. ^ a b NBC News 1966, p. 126
  95. ^ Fenton, John H. (January 20, 1964). "Boston Symphony Plays for Requiem Honoring Kennedy". The New York Times: p. 1. 
  96. ^ United Press International & American Heritage Magazine 1964, p. 142
  97. ^ "Luigi Vena–He Sang 'Ave Maria'". The Boston Globe: p. 37. November 26, 1963. 
  98. ^ a b c Associated Press 1963, p. 96
  99. ^ Lewis, Anthony (November 26, 1963). "Mrs. Kennedy Maintains a Stoic Dignity Throughout Final Hours of Public Grief". The New York Times: p. 5. 
  100. ^ Mossman & Stark 1971, p. 210
  101. ^ United Press International (November 26, 1963). "Funeral Traffic Delays Leaders". New York Times: p. 8. 
  102. ^ a b NBC News 1966, p. 149
  103. ^ Associated Press (November 26, 1963). "Kennedy Visited Arlington Nov. 11". New York Times: p. 10. 
Bibliography

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужен реферат?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame — The John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame is a presidential memorial at the gravesite of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, in Arlington National Cemetery. The gravesite is aligned with the Lincoln Memorial across the Memorial Bridge.After the assassination …   Wikipedia

  • State funeral — A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony held to honour heads of state or other important people of national significance. They usually include much pomp and ceremony. Generally, they are held to involve the general public in the mourning… …   Wikipedia

  • Assassination of John F. Kennedy — Kennedy assassination redirects here. For the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, see Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy. Assassination of John F. Kennedy President Kennedy with his wife, Jacqueline, and Texas Governor John Connally in the… …   Wikipedia

  • John F. Kennedy assassination — The assassination of John F. Kennedy, the thirty fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, USA at 12:30 p.m. CST (18:30 UTC). John F. Kennedy was fatally wounded by gunshots while riding with …   Wikipedia

  • John F. Kennedy — Infobox President name = John Fitzgerald Kennedy order = 35th office = President of the United States term start = January 20, 1961 term end = November 22, 1963 vicepresident = Lyndon B. Johnson (1961 1963) predecessor = Dwight D. Eisenhower… …   Wikipedia

  • John F. Kennedy — John Fitzgerald Kennedy Fotografía oficial de la Casa Blanca tomada durante su pre …   Wikipedia Español

  • John F. Kennedy autopsy — The autopsy of President John F. Kennedy was performed, beginning at about 8 p.m. and ending at about midnight EST, on Nov. 22, 1963, the day of his assassination, at the then Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland. The choice of autopsy… …   Wikipedia

  • John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories — President Kennedy, Jackie Kennedy, Nellie Connally and Governor John Connally, shortly before the assassination. There has long been suspicion of a government cover up of information about the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963 …   Wikipedia

  • John F. Kennedy assassination in popular culture — articleissues unreferenced=July 2007 OR=July 2007The assassination of President John F. Kennedy has been referenced or recreated in popular culture several times. [ [http://www.turnmeondeadman.net/JFK/PopCulture.php The JFK Assassination in… …   Wikipedia

  • Reaction to the assassination of John F. Kennedy — John F. Kennedy Around the world, there was a stunned reaction to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the President of the United States, on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas.[1] The first hour after the shooting, before his death was… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”