Johannes Werner

Johann(es) Werner (14 February 1468 in Nuremberg, Germany – May 1522) (also "Ioannis Verneri") was a German parish priest in Nuremberg and a mathematician. His primary work was in astronomy, mathematics, and geography, although he was also considered a skilled instrument maker.

Mathematics

His mathematical works were in the areas of spherical trigonometry, as well as conic sections. (He published an original work on conic sections in 1522.)

Astronomy

In 1500 he observed a comet, and kept observations of its movements from June 1 until the 24th.

This work further developed the suggestion of Regiomontanus that the occurrences of eclipses and cometary orbits could be used to find longitude, giving a practical approach for this method by means of the cross-staff. (The approach did not actually solve the problem as the instrument was not sufficiently accurate.)

His trepidations method to describe precession of the equinoxes "De motu octauæ Sphær" was posthumously challenged in 1524 by Nicolaus Copernicus in The Letter against Werner. [Edward Rosen, Three Copernican Treatises: The Commentariolus of Copernicus, The Letter against Werner, The Narratio Prima of Rheticus, Columbia University Press, 1939 ]

Geography

He is most noted for his work, "In Hoc Opere Haec Continentur Nova Translatio Primi Libri Geographicae Cl Ptolomaei", written in 1514, a translation of the work "Geographia (Ptolemy)", written by Ptolemy.

He refined and promoted the "Werner map projection", a cordiform (heart-shape) projection map that had been developed by Johannes Stabius (Stab) of Vienna around 1500.

After its introduction by Werner in his 1514 book, "Nova translatio primi libri geographiaae C. Ptolemaei", the "Werner projection" was commonly used for world maps and some continental maps through the 16th century and into the 17th century. It was used by Mercator, Oronce Fine, and Ortelius in the late 16th century for maps of Asia and Africa. By the 18th century, it was replaced by the "Bonne projection" for continental maps. The "Werner projection" is only used today for instructional purposes and as a novelty.

Meteorology

Many consider Werner as a pioneer of modern meteorology and weather forecasting.Between 1513 and 1520, Johann Werner made the first regular observations of the weather conditions in Germany.

Problem of longitude

To determine longitude in navigation, Werner proposed determining time by measuring the position of the moon relative to the background stars. He published this in "In hoc opere haec continentur Nova translatio primi libri geographiae Cl' Ptolomaei..." (Nürnberg 1514). The method was discussed in detail by Petrus Apianus in his "Cosmographicus liber" (Landshut 1524). This became known as the lunar distance method.

Notable publications

* "In hoc opere haec continentur Nova translatio primi libri geographiae Cl. Ptolomaei: quae quidem translatio verbum: habet e verbo fideliter expressum. Libellus de quattuor terrarum orbis in plano figurationibus.: In idem Georgii Amirucii opusculaum. Appendices", Nürnberg 1514
* "In hoc opere haec continentur. Libellvs Ioannis Verneri Nvrembergen. Svper Vigintidvobvs Elementis Conicis. Comentarius seu paraphrastica enarratio in vndecim modos conficiendi eius Problematis quod Cubi duplicatio dicitur. Eivsdem. Comentatio in Dionysodori problema, quo data sphæra plano sub data secat ratione, Alivs modus idem problema coficiendi ab eodem Ioanne Vernero nouissime copertus demostratusq; de motu octauæ Sphæræ, Tractatus duo. Summaria enarratio Theoricæ motus octau Sphæræ.", Nürnberg, Petrejus 1522
* "De Triangulis sphaericis libri quatuor de meteoroscopiis libri sex"
* "Canones sicut breuissimi, ita etiam doctissimi, complectentes praecepta & obseruationes de mutatione aurae", 1546
* "Compendiosa institvtio in vniversam dialecticam, ex Aristot., Riuio, aliisque auctoribus recentioribus collecta, nuperrime scholiis philosophicis illustrata"

Honours

The Werner crater on the Moon was named after him.

Some of the trigonometric identities used in prosthaphaeresis, an early method for rapid computation of products, were named "Werner formulas" in honor of Werner's role in development of the algorithm.

References

ee also

* [http://www.3dsoftware.com/Cartography/USGS/MapProjections/Conic/Werner/ Werner Map Projection]
* [http://exchange.manifold.net/manifold/manuals/5_userman/mfd50Bonne.htm Bonne Map Projection]
* [http://sio.midco.net/mapstamps/cordiform.htm Cordiform Map Projection]

External links

* [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Werner.html Johann Werner]