Elizabeth Kenny

Elizabeth Kenny (20 September 1880 - 30 November 1952) was an Australian pioneering physical therapist.

Youth

She was born at Kelly's Gully, a hamlet a few kilometers at west of the village of Warialda, New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Her mother, Mary Moore, was the granddaughter of James Moore, who was transported to Australia with his wife in 1828 from the parish of Leck near Letterkenny in Donegal for stealing a horse. After he was given a ticket of leave in 1841, his family joined him in New South Wales. Kenny's father, Michael Kenny, who immigrated to Australia in 1862, was from the Kilkenny region of Ireland. After Kenny's parents were married in 1872 they moved to several locations in NSW, including Guyra near Mary Moore's family, before settling down in the village of Nobby on the Darling Downs in Queensland near Toowoomba. Elizabeth was one of eight children.

Eliza, as her family called her, was home schooled by her mother before attending schools in NSW, and finally Nobby. Some time during her 14th year she fell from a horse and broke her wrist. Her father took her to Dr. Aeneas McDonnell in Toowoomba where she was cared for during her convalescence. While there, she studied McDonnell's anatomy books and model skeleton. That began a life long association with McDonnell, who became her mentor and advisor. She then became interested in how the muscles worked. Instead of using a model skeleton, as they were only available for medical students, she made her own. In 1907 she returned to Guyra to live with a cousin. While there she may have received some basic nursing training from a local midwife, and the local physician. She also brokered agricultural sales between Guyra farmers and markets to the north in Brisbane. Her faith was reputed to be Methodist.

Work

In 1911 Kenny returned to Nobby and began working as an unofficial Bush Nurse. Soon, using the money she earned by brokering potatoes, she opened a cottage hospital in Clifton, a village a few miles from Nobby, where she treated her first cases of polio.

That episode was romanticized in Martha Ostenso's biography of Kenny, "And they Shall Walk", and the 1946 movie "Sister Kenny" starring Rosalind Russell. Actually, there was an outbreak of what was thought to be Infantile Paralysis on the Darling Downs just before World War I, and cases probably came to Kenny's cottage hospital in Clifton. After she followed the advice of a "Lodge Doctor" assigned to their area she called McDonnell for assurance. He wired back, "...treat them according to the symptoms as they present themselves." Sensing that their muscles were very tight, she did what the Lodge doctor advised and what mothers around the world did, applied hot compress to their legs made from woolen blankets. Kenny wrote in her autobiography that a little girl woke up very much relieved and said, "Please, I want them rags that well my legs." Several children recovered with no serious aftereffects. Many years passed before Kenny treated anyone else who might have had polio.

When World War I began, Kenny volunteered to serve as a nurse. She was not officially qualified, but as nurses were badly needed she was accepted and assigned to "Dark Ships", transports that ran with all lights off between Australia and England carrying war goods and soldiers one way and wounded soldiers and trade goods on the return voyage. Elizabeth Kenny served on these dangerous missions throughout the war, making 16 round trips plus one around the world via the Panama Canal. In 1917 she earned the title of Sister, which in the Australian Army Nurse Corps is the equivalent of a First Lieutenant. She used that title for the rest of her life. Some people faulted her for that, because in the British Commonwealth it is reserved for qualified nurses, but Kenny was officially promoted to that rank during her Wartime service. During the final months of the war she served for a few weeks as a matron in a soldier's hospital near Brisbane, but was soon honorably discharged with a pension. Even though exhausted by her war service she supervised a temporary hospital in Nobby which was set up to care for victims of the 1919 influenza epidemic.

After the epidemic subsided she traveled to Guyra to recuperate, without success, so she returned to Europe to visit doctors there. After her return to Nobby, she was called to Guyra by one of her girlhood friends to care for her daughter who was disabled with Cerebral Diplegia. Kenny's seven years of rehabilitative work with that child, plus her experience with sick and wounded men during WW I was the foundation for her later work in polio treatment and rehabilitation.

Instead of settling down at home to what was most expected, spinsterhood dedicated to caring for her mother, Kenny continued to work as a nurse from her mother's home. She was often taken to her patients in the side-car-motorcycle or automobile of a family friend. When his daughter Sylvia was injured by falling into the path of a horse-drawn plow he called Kenny for help. She improvised a stretcher out of a cupboard door, fastened Sylvia to it and accompanied her the 26 miles to Dr. McDonnel's Toowoomba office. Sylvia recovered, mostly due to Kenny's careful attention during that transport. Kenny improved the stretcher for use by the local Ambulance services, and marketed it as the "Sylvie Stretcher", in Australia, Europe and America. She gave the profits to the Australian Country Women's Association who administered the sales and manufacture.

During her sales journeys she met a family who, in 1929, arranged for her to come to their station west of Townsville to care for their niece, Maude, who had been disabled with polio. After 18 months under Kenny's care Maude was able to walk, return to Townsville, marry and begin a family. The newspapers in Townsville took up the story, calling it a cure. In 1933 several local people helped Kenny set up a basic polio treatment facility under canopies behind the Queens Hotel in Townsville. In a few months, after more success with local children, she was able to move into the bottom floor of the hotel. The 1934 Queensland health department evaluation of her work led to the establishment of Kenny clinics in several cities in Australia. Her success, however, was not without controversy, as many doctors, and the Australian Medical Association questioned her work and success. It was during these years that Kenny developed her clinical method and gained recognition in Australia. She was adamantly opposed to immobilizing parts of children's bodies with plaster casts or braces. At this time she requested that she be allowed to treat children during the acute stage of the disease and use hot compresses as she did in Clifton before the war. However, doctors would not allow her to treat patients until after the first stage of the disease or until tightness (she used the word spasm much later) subsided. For that she instituted a carefully designed regimen of passive exercises designed to recall function in unaffected neural pathways, much as she had done with Maude. Finally, on her own, she began treatment of a patient in the acute stage in her George St. Clinic in Brisbane, and then transferred her to the Ward 7 Polio clinic in the Brisbane General Hospital. That child, and then others, recovered with far fewer aftereffects than those placed in braces. In 1937 she published a basic book about her work and began another, The Treatment of Infantile Paralysis in The Acute Stage, which was later published in America.

Between 1935 and 1940 she travelled extensively throughout Australia helping to set up clinics. She also made two trips to England where she set up a treatment clinic in St. Mary's Hospital near Carshalton where there is a rehabilitation facility to this day.

The first official evaluation of Sister Kenny’s work took place in Townsville in 1934 under the auspices of the Queensland Health Department. Her work was noticed when several Townsville newspaper articles appeared touting her success with Polio Patients at her clinic in Townsville’s Queens Hotel. Dr. Ralph Cilento, who was in charge of the evaluation, wrote a report that was mostly critical, but somewhat complimentary.

Sister Kenny replied publicly: fiercely taking Dr. Cilento to task for his criticisms, something that was very daring and unusual coming from a “self-taught” bush nurse at that time in Australia. Her response was the cause of subsequent contentious associations between her and Dr. Cilento, the BMA and the Australian Medical Association (AMA).

Later, between 1936 and 1938 a Queensland Government Royal Commission evaluated Kenny’s work. IN 1938 the Commissioners published their “Report of The Queensland Royal Commission on Modern Methods for the Treatment of Infantile Paralysis.” Its most critical comment (because Sister Kenny opposed using splints and plaster casts to immobilize the areas of polio patients affected by the disease) was, “The abandonment of immobilization is a grievous error and fraught with grave danger, especially in very young patients who cannot co-operate in re-education.” They stated that her clinic, then in Brisbane, was “admirable.” On the whole the Commissioners strongest objections centered on the fact that the Queensland Government was funding Kenny’s work and her clinic was not under the purview of the BMA. The Queensland Government rejected the report, continued to support Kenny’s work, and never “officially” accepted it. [Report on the Muscle Re-Education Clinic Townsville; and the Work by Sister E. Kenny. “Summary of Facts.” - James Cook University Library, Sister Kenny Archive.] [The Medical Journal of Australia, Report of the Queensland Royal Commission on Modern Methods for the Treatment of Infantile Paralysis, January 29,1938, I:5, 187-224. ] [Alexander, Sister Elizabeth Kenny: Maverick Heroine of the Polio Treatment Controversy, Chapters six-nine.] In 1940 the Government of New South Wales sent Kenny and her adopted daughter Mary (who had become an expert in Kenny's method), to America so that they could present her clinical method for treating polio victims to American doctors. After a journey by sea from Sydney to Los Angeles, and by railway to San Francisco, Chicago, New York City, back to Chicago, and to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota she was finally given a chance to demonstrate her work in Minneapolis-St. Paul Minnesota. Doctors Miland Knapp and John Pohl, who headed polio treatment centers there were impressed and told her that she should "Stick around." They found an apartment for Kenny and Mary, and a few years later the City of Minneapolis gave them a house. Minneapolis was Kenny's "base" in America for eleven years.

During that time Kenny treatment centers were opened throughout America, the two most important being the Sister Kenny Institute in Minneapolis, (now the Sister Kenny Rehabilitation Associates,) a facility in New Jersey Medical Center, and her favorite, the "Ruth Home," in El Monte, California. She became an American celebrity, received honorary degrees from Rutgers and the University of Rochester, had lunch with FDR, and was the subject of many articles in American periodicals.

In 1946 her story was dramatized in the film "Sister Kenny", starring Rosalind Russell, who had become her close friend.

Her work was, however, controversial. During her first year in Minneapolis the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP) paid her personal expenses, and financed and arranged trials of her work. That support ceased after a series of disagreements. Kenny was a very determined and outspoken woman, which irritated the director of the NFIP and many doctors. As a result the Sister Kenny Foundation was established in Minneapolis to support her and her work throughout America. on 30 November, 1952. She was buried beside her mother in Nobby cemetery.

Controversy

Upon her arrival to the United States, Kenny faced many skeptical doctors. She needed to get the American Medical Association's support for her method. The AMA director at that time saw her as an "ignorant quack seeking money for her own gain". The doctors soon changed their tune when the saw the dramatic effects that Kenny's method had on her patients.

Legacy

Between 1934 and her death she and her associates treated millions of polio victims throughout the world. Their testimonies to Sister Kenny's healing work is part of her legacy; as is The Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralysis, and Its Treatment, know as "The Red Book," written by Dr. John Pohl in collaboration with Kenny. Her most enduring legacy is the Minneapolis Sister Kenny Rehabilitation Associates, one of the leading rehabilitation centers in the United States; known for its progressive and innovative vision. [800 E. 28th St. Minneapolis MN 55407]

In Kenny's home village of Nobby the Sister Kenny Memorial House holds many artifacts from Kenny's life plus a considerable collection of documents from her private correspondence as well as numerous papers and newspaper clippings. In Toowoomba the Sister Elizabeth Kenny Memorial Fund Inc. provides scholarships to students attending the University of Southern Queensland who will dedicate themselves to work in rural and remote areas of Australia. In Townsville her life was commemorated in 1949 by the unveiling of the Sister Kenny Memorial and Children's playground [ [http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/strand/history.asp The Strand - Townsville City Council ] ] .

Her pioneering principles of muscle rehabilitation became the foundation of physical therapy, (in some countries called physiotherapy). Today, the Sister Kenny Rehabilitation Institute is one of the leading rehabilitation centers in the United States, known for its progressive and innovative vision.

Famous Patients

* Alan Alda Television actor
* Robert Anton Wilson Fiction writer
* Fred Elkinton Schrodt Farmland Executive
* Franklin D. Roosevelt American President

Bibliography

* Infantile Paralysis and Cerebral Diplegia: Method of Restoration of Function, Sydney: Angus & Robertson. 1937.
* The treatment of Infantile Paralysis in the Acute Stage, Minneapolis-St. Paul: Bruce Publishing Co. 1941.
* And They Shall Walk, Elizabeth Kenny and Martha Ostenso, Bruce Publishing Co, Minneapolis St Paul 1943
* The Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralysis, and Its Treatment, John F Pohl, M.D., with Elizabeth Kenny, St. Paul, Bruce Pub. Co. 1943.
* My Battle and Victory: History of The Discovery of Poliomyelitis as a Systemic Disease. London: Robert Hale, 1955.

References

* Alexander, Wade F., Elizabeth Kenny: Maverick Heroine of The Polio Treatment Controversy, Central Queensland Press, 2003. ISBN 1-876780-24-X.

Persondata
NAME= Kenny, Elizabeth
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION= Nurse
DATE OF BIRTH= 20 September, 1880
PLACE OF BIRTH= Warialda, New South Wales (NSW), Australia
DATE OF DEATH= 30 November, 1952
PLACE OF DEATH= Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia