- Slovenian wine
Slovenian wine is
wine from theCentral Europe an country ofSlovenia .Viticulture andwinemaking has existed in this region since the time of theCelt s andIllyrians tribes, long before the Romans would introduce winemaking to the lands of France, Spain and Germany. Today Slovenia has more than 40,000 wineries making 1 million hl (26.4 milliongallons ) annually from the country's 24,600 ha (59,300acres ) of vineyards. About 75% of the country's production is white wine. Almost all of the wine is consumeddomestic ally with only 50,000 hl (2.6 million gallons) a year being exported—mostly to theUnited States ,Bosnia and Herzegovina ,Croatia ,Germany andItaly . Most of the country's wine production falls under the classification of premium "(vrhunsko)" wine with less than 30% classified as basictable wine "(namizno vino)". Slovenia has three principal wine regions:Podravje ,Posavje andPrimorska . J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition pg 632-633 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0198609906 ]History
Unlike many of the major European wine regions, Slovenia's viticultural history predates Roman influences and can be traced back to the early Celtic and Illyrian tribes who began cultivating vines for wine production sometime between the 5th and 4th centuries BC. By the
Middle Ages , theChristian Church controlled most of the region's wine production through themonasteries . Under the rule of theAustro-Hungarian Empire , privately-owned wineries had some presence in the region but steady declined following the empire's fall and the beginning ofYugoslavia . By the end of theSecond World War ,co-operatives controlled nearly all of the region's wine production and quality was very low as the emphasis was on the bulk wine production. The exception was the few small private wineries in the Podravje region that were able to continue operation.In 1967, the government established the PSVVS (Business Association for Viticulture and Wine Production) which established testing practices for quality assurance and issued seals of approval for wines that met the organization's standards. In 1991, Slovenia was the first Republic to declare independence. While the wine industry, as did other sectors of the Slovenian economy, experienced some decline following the turmoil of the
Yugoslav wars , the region's strong ties tothe West allowed the industry to quickly rebound. Today the Slovenian wine industry the most advanced and well developed of the former Yugoslav republics and is starting to gain interest in the world's wine market.Climate and geography
Slovenia has a diverse geography which provides a wide variety of
microclimate s. It is bordered to the north byAustria , separated by theAlps . To the west isItaly and theAdriatic Sea ,Hungary to the east andCroatia forms the southern border. The region has acontinental climate with cold, dry winters and hot summer. The far western regions of Primorska has some Mediterranean influence. Some common viticultural hazards in the region include springfrost ,drought during the growing season and summertimehail . Many of Slovenia's vineyards are located in thefoothills of the Julian andKaravanke Alps and thePannonian Plain . TheDrava andSava River s are major influences in Podravje and Posavje, respectively. H. Johnson & J. Robinson "The World Atlas of Wine" pg 253 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1840003324 ]Wine regions
Slovenia has three main wine regions: Primorska, Posavje and Podravje. Primorska is Slovenia's most internationally known region and, though predominately a white wine producer, the region is responsible for most of Slovenia's red wine production.
Primorska
Primorska is Slovenia's most widely known and prominent wine region. It is subdivided into four districts. The Goriška Brda district borders theItalian wine region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia with theCollio Goriziano "Denominazione di origine controllata " (DOC) extending into Slovenia. This region was one of the first in Slovenia to make a concentrated attempt at establishing an international reputation for quality. The area is planted with international varieties ofMerlot ,Cabernet Sauvignon ,Chardonnay ,Sauvignon blanc (Muškantni Silvanec),Pinot gris (Sivi Pinot), andPinot noir (Modri Pinot) as well asRebula ,Refosco (Refošk) andFriulano . The Goriška Brda is most known for its Merlot-Cabernet blends and Rebula white wine. TheKoper district on theIstria peninsula along the Adriatic coast is the warmest wine region in Slovenia. The Refosco andMalvazija grapes are the most widely planted in Koper. TheKras plateau district, located near the Italian city ofTrieste , is known for the wine style "Teran" which is a very dark, highlyacidic red wine made from Refosco planted in the region's rediron -rich soil. TheVipava Valley district specializes in light, crisp white wines made from the local Pinela andZelen grapes. Other grapes found throughout the Primorska region includeBarbera ,Beli Pinot (Beli Burgundec),Cabernet franc , Cipro, Glera,Klarnica ,Laški Rizling ,Maločrn ,Rumeni Muškat ,Syrah andVitovska Grganja .Posavje
Posavje is the only Slovenian wine region that produces more red wine than white, though not by a large margin. The area is subdivided into three districts. The
Bizeljsko -Brežice district is known for itssparkling wine production and acidic white wines made from theRumeni Plavec grape. TheDolenjska district is known for its production ofCviček made from a blend of white and red wine grapes, most commonlyKraljevina andŽametovka . TheBela Krajina district is known for its red wine made fromModra Frankinja andRumeni Muškat . Other grapes found planted throughout Posavje include Beli Pinot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay,Gamay , Modri Pinot,Neuburger ,Ranina ,Rdeča Zlahtnina ,Renski Rizling ,Šentlovrenka ,Šipon , Sivi Pinot,Traminec andZweigelt . Currently the Posavje region is dominated more by bulk wine, rather than premium wine, production.Podravje
Podravje is the largest wine region in Slovenia and is subdivided into 7 districts. The
Radgona-Kapela district was the first Slovenia wine region to produce sparkling "(penina)" wine using the "méthode champenoise " in 1852. TheLjutomer -Ormož district includes the village of Jeruzalem which is known for white wine made fromDišeči Traminec and Ranina. Along with Radgona-Kapela and theMaribor district, Ljutomer-Ormož produces some of the best examples of Podravje wine. While theHaloze district is improving in quality, that district along with thePrekmurje ,Srednje Slovenske Gorice andŠmarje-Virštanj districts have small production that is consumed locally. Nearly 97% of the wine made in the Podravje region is white wine. Other grape varieties found in Podravje includeChasselas , Gamay,Kerner , Kraljevina,Muškat Otonel ,Portugalka ,Ranfol ,Rizvanec , Rumeni Muškat,Zeleni Silvanec ,Zlahtnina and Zweigelt.Viticulture and winemaking
In Slovenia, many vineyards are located along slopes or hillsides in terraced rows. Historically vines were trained in a
pergola style that optimizes fruit yields. However the emphasis on higher quality wine production has encouraged more vineyards to switch to a Guyot style of vine training. The steep terrain of most vineyards encourages the using of manual harvesting over mechanical.Wines in Slovenia have traditionally follow the Austrian preference of single
varietal over blended wines but the production of blended wines are on the rise. While wines were historically aged in large Slovenian or Slavonian wooden cask, the trend has been to use small and varying sizes of French and Slovenian oak barrels. In Primorska both red and white wines often go throughMalolactic fermentation with Podravje and Posavje typically using that technique only for red wine production. In Primorska,dessert wine s are made in a "passito " style with the Brda region specialize in wines made fromVerduc andPikolit . In the Podravje region,botrytized wines are produced from Laški Rizling, Renski Rizling and Šipon and classified in a system similar to theGerman wine classification based on sweetness-ranging from "pozna trgatev" (Spätlese ), "izbor" (Auslese ), "jagodni izbor" (Beerenauslese ), "ledeno vino" (Eiswein ) and "suhi jagodni izbor" (Trockenbeerenauslese ).Slovenian wine laws dictate that all wines must be submitted to chemical analysis and tastings prior to being released on the market. After testing the wines are assigned a quality level according to the "
Zaščiteno geoggrafsko poreklo " (ZGP) which is similar to theEuropean Union 's QWPSR system-Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions . The quality ranges are as followed-
*"Namizno vino" - Table wine
*"Deželno vino PGO" -Country wine
*"Kakovostno ZGP" - Quality wine
*"Vrhunsko vino ZGP" - Premium quality wineSlovenia
wine label s include the sweetness level of the wines ranging from "suho" (dry), "polsuho" (medium-dry), "polsladko" (medium-sweet) and "sladko" (sweet). The designation "Posebno tradicionalno poimenovanje" (PTP) is applied to a traditional Slovenia wine from a specific region. As of 2006, the only PTP wines in Slovenia are the Kras wine "Teran" from Primorska and the Dolenjska wine "Cviček" from Posavje.References
External links
* [http://www.slovino.si/index.php Official site]
* [http://www.matkurja.com/projects/wine/ Wines of Slovenia] — an overview
* [http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?cid=331 The story of viticulture in Slovenia]
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