Ancel Keys

Ancel Benjamin Keys (January 26, 1904 – November 20, 2004) was an American scientist who studied the influence of diet on health. In particular, he hypothesised that different kinds of dietary fat had different effects on health.

He examined the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and was closely associated with two famous diets: K-rations, which were formulated as balanced meals for combat soldiers in World War II; and "the Mediterranean diet," which, with his wife Margaret, he popularized. Science, diet, and health were central themes in his professional and private lives.

Early life

Keys attended the University of California, Berkeley, where he received a B.A. in economics and political science (1925), an M.S. in biology (1929), and is a '30 University of California, San Diego Alumus receiving a Ph.D. in oceanography and biology from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.cite journal | author = Hoffman W | title = Meet Monsieur Cholesterol | journal = University of Minnesota Update | year = 1979 | volume = Winter | url=http://www.mbbnet.umn.edu/hoff/hoff_ak.html] He earned a second Ph.D. in physiology at Cambridge in 1938. In 1936, he became a professor at the University of Minnesota, where he established the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene. Keys directed the laboratory from 1939 until his retirement in 1975.

Professional

During World War II, Keys studied starvation and sustenance diets using 32 conscientious objectors from Civilian Public Service as test subjects in the Minnesota Starvation Experiment, and eventually producing his two-volume "Biology of Human Starvation" (1950).cite journal |author=Kalm L, Semba R |title=They starved so that others be better fed: remembering Ancel Keys and the Minnesota experiment |journal=J Nutr |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=1347–52 |year=2005 |pmid=15930436] His interest in diet and CVD was prompted, in part, by seemingly counterintuitive data: American business executives, presumably among the best-fed persons, had high rates of heart disease, while in post-war Europe, CVD rates had decreased sharply in the wake of reduced food supplies. Keys postulated a correlation between cholesterol levels and CVD and initiated a study of Minnesota businessmen (the first prospective study of CVD),cite journal |author=Keys A, Taylor HL, Blackburn H, Brozek J, Anderson JT, Simonson E |title=Coronary heart disease among Minnesota business and professional men followed 15 years |journal=Circulation |volume=28 |issue= |pages=381–95 |year=1963 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/3/381 |pmid=14059458] culminating in what came to be known as the Seven Countries Study.cite book | last = Keys | first = Ancel| title = Seven Countries: A Multivariate Analysis of Death and Coronary Heart Disease | publisher = Harvard University Press | year = 1980 | id = ISBN 0674802373 ] These studies found strong associations between the CVD rate of a population and average serum cholesterol and per capita intake of saturated fatty acids. Then, as now, critics have rightfully pointed out that this "strong association" vanishes when data from other countries are added to the mix and there have been allegations that Keys "cherry picked" the data to support his hypothesis.

From the early 1950s, Keys actively promoted his findings to an increasingly health-conscious public. The resulting "cholesterol controversy" revealed sharp divisions in post-war scientific culture over whether the statisticians' "strong associations" could provide scientific certainty. In its simplest form, the debate over dietary fat and CVD pitted "interventionists" against those calling for further studies--preferably clinical or laboratory studies. While Keys was able to convince the US government to promote his idea that reducing the intake of fat would reduce the incidence of CVD, what happened in the intervening years when Americans took this advice indicates that Keys' basic premise was wrong. While consumption of dietary fat decreased from the 1960s to the 1990s, the rate of CVD did not change substantially and the incidence of obesity and Type II diabetes soared.

Keys was always considered an interventionist. He generally shunned food fads and vigorously promoted the benefits of "reasonably low-fat diets," instead of following "the North American habit for making the stomach the garbage disposal unit for a long list of harmful foods." [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4830a1box.htm] Keys' studies and recommendations have had a substantial impact on changes in the U.S. dietFact|date=February 2007 that may have caused a downward trend in CVD. [http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus05.pdf#036] although several recent studies of low-carbohydrate diets, essentially the opposite of Keys' recommendations, have show that these diets are more effective at improving markers of CVD than low-fat diets. Because of his influence in dietary science, Keys was featured on the cover of the January 13, 1961 issue of "Time" magazine.

Ancel Keys died of old age on November 20, 2004, two months before his 101st birthday.cite press release|title = Ancel Keys.|url = http://www.the-aps.org/membership/obituaries/ancel_keys.htm|publisher = The American Physiological Society|date = 2004|accessdate = 2007-11-13]

References

External links

*cite web|url=http://mbbnet.umn.edu/firsts/blackburn_h.html|title=Ancel Keys|accessdate=2007-04-15|author=Blackburn, Henry|publisher=University of Minnesota

"This article contains text from the public domain source the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4830a1box.htm".