Women in journalism and media professions

As journalism became a profession, women were restricted by custom and law from access to journalism occupations, and faced significant discrimination within the profession. Nevertheless, women operated as newspaper owners, editors, and journalists throughout the history of journalism. [Rick Brown, [http://www.historybuff.com/library/refwomen.html "The Emergence of Females as Professional Journalists"] , HistoryBuff.com.]

Beginning in the late nineteenth century, women began agitating for the right to work as professional journalists in North America and Europe; Nellie Bly was the most famous of these turn-of-the-century reporters.

Women increased their presence in professional journalism, and popular representations of the "intrepid girl reporter" became popular in 20th century films and literature, perhaps most famously in "His Girl Friday" [Paul E. Schindler, Jr., "Women in Journalism Movies" (2003), available at [http://www.schindler.org/jwomen.shtml schindler.org] ] [ [http://ijpc.org/sobsmaster.htm "Sob Sisters: The Image of the Female Journalist in Popular Culture"] , "Image of the Journalist in Popular Culture", USC Annenberg School for Communication. Includes bibliography with 7500+ entries, a one-hour documentary, multiple papers, and other material.]

Notable women in the history of journalism

* Anne Green - 18th century newspaper publisher in Maryland
* Mary Katherine Goddard, 1738-1816 (USA)
* Sarah Josepha Hale, 1788-1879 (USA)
* Ida Tarbell, 1857-1944 (USA) [Robert C. Kochersberger (Editor), Ida M. Tarbell, Everette E. Dennis, "More Than a Muckraker: Ida Tarbell's Lifetime in Journalism".] - muckraking journalist in early 20th century
* Nellie Bly, 1867-1922 (USA)
* Lorena Hickok, 1893-1968, AP reporter from 1928-1933, and intimate friend of Eleanor Roosevelt [Roger Streitmatter, editor, "Empty Without You: The Intimate Letters of Eleanor Roosevelt and Lorena Hickok"]
* Martha Gellhorn, 1908-1998
* Mary Garber, 1916-2008 (award-winning sportswriter and pioneering female journalist) [Richard Goldstein, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/sports/23garber.html "Mary Garber, Sportswriter, Dies at 92"] , "New York Times", Sept. 23, 2008.]
* Katharine Graham, 1917-2001, publisher of "The Washington Post" through the Watergate era and the publication of the Pentagon Papers
* Barbara Walters (b.1929), first woman to anchor an American evening news program on a major network
* Nancy Hicks Maynard, 1946-2008, first African American female reporter at "The New York Times", and co-owner and co-publisher of "The Oakland Tribune", and co-founder of the Maynard Institute for Journalism Education. [Dennis Hevesi, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/business/media/23maynard.html "Nancy Hicks Maynard Dies at 61; a Groundbreaking Black Journalist"] , "New York Times", 2008 Sept. 23.]
* Pearl Stewart (b.1950), first African American woman to edit a major national daily newspaper, the "Oakland Tribune"

References

* Tad Bartimus, Tracy Wood, Kate Webb, and Laura Palmer, "War Torn: Stories of War from the Women Reporters who Covered Vietnam" (2002)
* Maurine H. Beasley and Sheila J. Gibbons, "Taking Their Place: A Documentary History of Women and Journalism", 2nd ed. (2003)
* Kathleen A. Cairns, "Front-Page Women Journalists, 1920-1950" (Women in the West) (2007)
* Barbara T. and Jehanne M. Gheith, "An Improper Profession: Women, Gender, and Journalism in Late Imperial Russia"
* Agnes Hooper Gottlieb, "Women Journalists and the Municipal Housekeeping Movement, 1868-1914" (Women's Studies (Lewiston, N.Y.), V. 31.) (2001)
* Catherine Gourley, "War, Women, and the News: How Female Journalists Won the Battle to Cover World War II" by (2007)
* Donna L. Halper and Donald Fishman, "Invisible Stars: A Social History of Women in American Broadcasting"
* Gabriel Kiley, "Times are better than they used to be", "St. Louis Journalism Review" (on women journalists)
* Marjory Louise Lang, "Women Who Made the News: Female Journalists in Canada, 1880-1945"
* Jose Lanters, "Donal's "babes" (Changing the Times: Irish Women Journalists, 1969-1981) (Book Review)", "Irish Literary Supplement"
* Jean Marie Lutes, "Front-page Girls: Women Journalists in American Culture and Fiction, 1880-1930" (2007)
* Marion Marzolf, "Up from the footnote: A history of women journalists" (Communication arts books) (1977)
* Charlotte Nekola, "Worlds Unseen: Political Women Journalists and the 1930s", pp. 189-198 IN Charlotte Nekola & Paula Rabinowitz, editors, "Writing Red: An Anthology of American Women Writers, 1930-1940" (1987: The Feminist Press at The City University of New York, New York)
* Nancy Caldwell Sorel, "The Women Who Wrote the War" (women wartime journalists)
* Rodger Streitmatter, "Raising Her Voice: African American Women Journalists Who Changed History"
* USC Annenberg School for Communication, Image of the Journalist in Popular Culture (IJPC) Database, available at http://ijpc.org/ .
* Nancy Whitelaw, "They Wrote Their Own Headlines: American Women Journalists" (World Writers) (1994)

Notes

ee also

* Women in the workforce
* History of journalism
* International Women's Media Foundation
* Hollywood Women's Press Club
* International Association of Women in Radio and Television
* The Press Institute for Women in the Developing World

Further research

* Library of Congress, [http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/wcf/wcf0002.html "Two Centuries of American Women Journalists"] (exhibition)
* Library of Congress, [http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/wcf/wcf0001.html "Women Come to the Front: Journalists, Photographers, and Broadcasters During World War II"] (exhibition, 1998)
* Washington Press Club Foundation, "Women in Journalism" (oral history archives; transcripts of approximately 60 oral history interviews documenting women journalists; available at http://npc.press.org/wpforal/ohhome.htm)

External links

* [http://www.iwmf.org/ International Women's Media Foundation] (IWMF)