- Mano machine
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The Mano machine is a theoretical computer described by M. Morris Mano. It contains a central processing unit, random access memory, and an input-output bus. Its limited instruction set and small address space limit it to purely academic consideration.
Contents
Characteristics
The Mano machine is similar in many respects to the PDP-8, such as the same address space, only one accumulator register, and many similar instructions. The Mano machine has a 4096x16 shared data/program memory segment requiring a 12-bit address bus. The data bus is 16 bits. There are 8-bit input/output buses for external communication, and associated interrupt flags.
There is one 16-bit accumulator register, and single-bit registers (latches) for addition carry and system halt.
Instruction set
There are 25 instructions that fall into 3 categories: direct / indirect memory referencing operations, register referencing operations, and input/output / interrupt operations.
Each instruction is 16 bits long [4 nybbles, or 1 word]. This means that memory referencing instructions contain 4 bits of op-code data, and 12 bits dedicated to the address.
Bit 15 Bits 14-12 Bits 11-0 Mnemonic Description 0 0 (Direct address) AND And direct memory to accumulator 0 1 (Direct address) ADD Add direct memory to accumulator (affects carry bit) 0 2 (Direct address) LDA Load direct memory to accumulator 0 3 (Direct address) STA Store accumulator to direct memory 0 4 (Direct address) BUN Unconditionally branch to direct memory 0 5 (Direct address) BSA Store current program counter to direct memory and branch to following address 0 6 (Direct address) ISZ Increment value in direct memory and skip next instruction if the sum is zero 1 0-6 (Indirect address) Indirect addressing versions of the above instructions 0 7 800 CLA Clear the accumulator 0 7 400 CLE Clear the carry bit 0 7 200 CMA Complement the accumulator 0 7 100 CME Complement the carry bit 0 7 080 CIR Circulate accumulator right (through carry bit) 0 7 040 CIL Circulate accumulator left (through carry bit) 0 7 020 INC Increment accumulator (does not affect carry bit) 0 7 010 SPA Skip next instruction if accumulator is positive 0 7 008 SNA Skip next instruction if accumulator is negative 0 7 004 SZA Skip next instruction if accumulator is zero 0 7 002 SZE Skip next instruction if carry bit is zero 0 7 001 HLT Halt computer by clearing the halt bit latch 1 7 800 INP Input from character bus to accumulator 1 7 400 OUT Output from accumulator to character bus 1 7 200 SKI Skip next instruction if input flag is set 1 7 100 SKO Skip next instruction if output flag is set 1 7 080 ION Enable interrupts 1 7 040 IOF Disable interrupts Applications to computer optimization theory
The machine specifications include a finite state machine that determines the processor's micro-operations. The canonical implementation of the state machine is an excellent candidate for reduction, and can also be re-implemented as a pipelined processor.
External links
- Mark Roth's Mano machine assembler/simulator
- MANOSIM and MANOASM binaries and guide page
- A VHDL implementation of the Mano Machine by N. Narasimhamurthi
- A Verilog implementation of the Mano Machine by Greg Toombs
References
Mano, M. Morris (October 1992). Computer System Architecture (3rd ed. ed.). Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0131755633.
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