Melanocortin 4 receptor

Melanocortin 4 receptor
Rendering based on PDB 2IQP.
Available structures PDB 2IQP, 2IQR, 2IQS, 2IQU, 2IQV, 2IQW
Identifiers
Symbols	MC4R; MGC126851; MGC138197
External IDs	OMIM: 155541 MGI: 99457 HomoloGene: 4320 IUPHAR: MC4 GeneCards: MC4R Gene
Gene Ontology Molecular function • receptor activity • G-protein coupled receptor activity • melanocortin receptor activity • melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor activity • protein binding • peptide hormone binding • ubiquitin protein ligase binding • neuropeptide binding Cellular component • plasma membrane • plasma membrane • integral to membrane Biological process • diet induced thermogenesis • energy reserve metabolic process • G-protein signaling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger • feeding behavior • regulation of metabolic process • insulin secretion • positive regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process • response to insulin stimulus • positive regulation of bone resorption Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	4160	17202
Ensembl	ENSG00000166603	ENSMUSG00000047259
UniProt	P32245	Q49NR1
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_005912.2	NM_016977.3
RefSeq (protein)	NP_005903.2	NP_058673.2
Location (UCSC)	Chr 18: 58.04 – 58.04 Mb	Chr 18: 67.02 – 67.02 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Melanocortin receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MC4R gene.^[1][2][3] It encodes the MC₄ protein, a G-protein coupled receptor that binds α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). In murine models MC₄ receptors have been found to be involved in feeding behaviour, the regulation of metabolism, sexual behaviour, and male erectile function ^{[4] [5] [6]}

In 1998, it was reported that MC4R mutations were associated with inherited human obesity. They were found in heterozygotes, suggesting an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. However, based on other research and observations, these mutations seem to have an incomplete penetrance and some degree of codominance. It has a prevalence of 1-2.5% in people with BMIs of greater than 30, making it the most commonly known genetic defect predisposing people to obesity.^[7]

Interactions

Melanocortin 4 receptor has been shown to interact with Proopiomelanocortin.^[8][9]

Clinical significance

In 2009, two very large genome wide association studies of body mass index (BMI), confirmed the association of variants about 150 kilobases downstream of the MC4R gene with insulin resistance, obesity and other anthropometric traits.^{[10][11][12][13]}

See also

• Melanocortin receptor

References

1. ^ Magenis RE, Smith L, Nadeau JH, Johnson KR, Mountjoy KG, Cone RD (Dec 1994). "Mapping of the ACTH, MSH, and neural (MC3 and MC4) melanocortin receptors in the mouse and human". Mamm Genome 5 (8): 503–8. doi:10.1007/BF00369320. PMID 7949735. 
2. ^ Sundaramurthy D, Campbell DA, Leek JP, Markham AF, Pieri LF (Nov 1998). "Assignment of the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene to human chromosome band 18q22 by in situ hybridisation and radiation hybrid mapping". Cytogenet Cell Genet 82 (1–2): 97–8. doi:10.1159/000015074. PMID 9763669. 
3. ^ "Entrez Gene: MC4R melanocortin 4 receptor". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4160. 
4. ^ Fan W, Boston BA, Kesterson RA, Hruby VJ and Cone RD. (1997). "Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome". Nature 385 (6612): 165–168. doi:10.1038/385165a0. PMID 8990120. 
5. ^ Huszar D, Lynch CA, Fairchild-Huntress V, Dunmore JH, Fang Q, Berkemeier LR, Gu W, Kesterson RA, Boston BA, Cone RD, Smith FJ, Campfield LA, Burn P, Lee F. (1997). "Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice". Cell 88 (1): 131–141. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81865-6. PMID 9019399. 
6. ^ Van der Ploeg LH, Martin WJ, Howard AD, Nargund RP, Austin CP, Guan X, Drisko J, Cashen D, Sebhat I, Patchett AA, Figueroa DJ, DiLella AG, Connolly BM, Weinberg DH, Tan CP, Palyha OC, Pong SS, MacNeil T, Rosenblum C, Vongs A, Tang R, Yu H, Sailer AW, Fong TM, Huang C, Tota MR, Chang RS, Stearns R, Tamvakopoulos C, Christ G, Drazen DL, Spar BD, Nelson RJ, MacIntyre DE. (2002). "A role for the melanocortin 4 receptor in sexual function". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 (17): 11381–11386. doi:10.1073/pnas.172378699. PMC 123265. PMID 12172010. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123265. 
7. ^ Farooqi S, O'Rahilly S. (2006). "Genetics of obesity in humans". Endocrine Reviews 27 (7): 710–718. doi:10.1210/er.2006-0040. PMID 17122358. 
8. ^ Yang, Y K; Fong T M, Dickinson C J, Mao C, Li J Y, Tota M R, Mosley R, Van Der Ploeg L H, Gantz I (Dec. 2000). "Molecular determinants of ligand binding to the human melanocortin-4 receptor". Biochemistry (UNITED STATES) 39 (48): 14900–11. doi:10.1021/bi001684q. ISSN 0006-2960. PMID 11101306. 
9. ^ Yang, Y K; Ollmann M M, Wilson B D, Dickinson C, Yamada T, Barsh G S, Gantz I (Mar. 1997). "Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action". Mol. Endocrinol. (UNITED STATES) 11 (3): 274–80. doi:10.1210/me.11.3.274. ISSN 0888-8809. PMID 9058374. 
10. ^ Chambers JC, Elliott P, Zabaneh D, et al. (June 2008). "Common genetic variation near MC4R is associated with waist circumference and insulin resistance". Nat. Genet. 40 (6): 716–18. doi:10.1038/ng.156. PMID 18454146. 
11. ^ Loos RJ, Lindgren CM, Li S, Wheeler E, et al. (June 2008). "Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity". Nat. Genet. 40 (6): 768–75. doi:10.1038/ng.140. PMC 2669167. PMID 18454148. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2669167. 
12. ^ Thorleifsson G, Walters GB, Gudbjartsson DF, et al. (January 2009). "Genome-wide association yields new sequence variants at seven loci that associate with measures of obesity". Nat. Genet. 41 (1): 18–24. doi:10.1038/ng.274. PMID 19079260. 
13. ^ Willer CJ, Speliotes EK, Loos RJ, et al. (January 2009). "Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation". Nat. Genet. 41 (1): 24–34. doi:10.1038/ng.287. PMC 2695662. PMID 19079261. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2695662. 

External links

• "Melanocortin Receptors: MC₄". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2354. 

Further reading

• Mountjoy KG, Mortrud MT, Low MJ, et al. (1995). "Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain". Mol. Endocrinol. 8 (10): 1298–308. doi:10.1210/me.8.10.1298. PMID 7854347. 
• Gantz I, Miwa H, Konda Y, et al. (1993). "Molecular cloning, expression, and gene localization of a fourth melanocortin receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (20): 15174–9. PMID 8392067. 
• Alvaro JD, Tatro JB, Quillan JM, et al. (1996). "Morphine down-regulates melanocortin-4 receptor expression in brain regions that mediate opiate addiction". Mol. Pharmacol. 50 (3): 583–91. PMID 8794897. 
• Yang YK, Ollmann MM, Wilson BD, et al. (1997). "Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action". Mol. Endocrinol. 11 (3): 274–80. doi:10.1210/me.11.3.274. PMID 9058374. 
• Chagnon YC, Chen WJ, Pérusse L, et al. (1998). "Linkage and association studies between the melanocortin receptors 4 and 5 genes and obesity-related phenotypes in the Québec Family Study". Mol. Med. 3 (10): 663–73. PMC 2230227. PMID 9392003. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2230227. 
• Yeo GS, Farooqi IS, Aminian S, et al. (1998). "A frameshift mutation in MC4R associated with dominantly inherited human obesity". Nat. Genet. 20 (2): 111–2. doi:10.1038/2404. PMID 9771698. 
• Vaisse C, Clement K, Guy-Grand B, Froguel P (1998). "A frameshift mutation in human MC4R is associated with a dominant form of obesity". Nat. Genet. 20 (2): 113–4. doi:10.1038/2407. PMID 9771699. 
• Hinney A, Schmidt A, Nottebom K, et al. (1999). "Several mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor gene including a nonsense and a frameshift mutation associated with dominantly inherited obesity in humans". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84 (4): 1483–6. doi:10.1210/jc.84.4.1483. PMID 10199800. 
• Yang YK, Dickinson CJ, Zeng Q, et al. (1999). "Contribution of melanocortin receptor exoloops to Agouti-related protein binding". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (20): 14100–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.20.14100. PMID 10318826. 
• Ho G, MacKenzie RG (2000). "Functional characterization of mutations in melanocortin-4 receptor associated with human obesity". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (50): 35816–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.50.35816. PMID 10585465. 
• Yang YK, Fong TM, Dickinson CJ, et al. (2001). "Molecular determinants of ligand binding to the human melanocortin-4 receptor". Biochemistry 39 (48): 14900–11. doi:10.1021/bi001684q. PMID 11101306. 
• Mergen M, Mergen H, Ozata M, et al. (2001). "A novel melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene mutation associated with morbid obesity". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (7): 3448. doi:10.1210/jc.86.7.3448. PMID 11443223. 
• McNulty JC, Thompson DA, Bolin KA, et al. (2002). "High-resolution NMR structure of the chemically-synthesized melanocortin receptor binding domain AGRP(87-132) of the agouti-related protein". Biochemistry 40 (51): 15520–7. doi:10.1021/bi0117192. PMID 11747427. 
• Brocke KS, Neu-Yilik G, Gehring NH, et al. (2002). "The human intronless melanocortin 4-receptor gene is NMD insensitive". Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 (3): 331–5. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.3.331. PMID 11823452. 
• Yang Y, Chen M, Lai Y, et al. (2002). "Molecular determinants of human melanocortin-4 receptor responsible for antagonist SHU9119 selective activity". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (23): 20328–35. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201343200. PMID 11912210. 
• Hansen MJ, Morris MJ (2002). "Evidence for an interaction between neuropeptide Y and the melanocortin-4 receptor on feeding in the rat". Neuropharmacology 42 (6): 792–7. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(02)00025-4. PMID 12015205. 
• Miraglia Del Giudice E, Cirillo G, Nigro V, et al. (2002). "Low frequency of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) mutations in a Mediterranean population with early-onset obesity". Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 26 (5): 647–51. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801983. PMID 12032748. 
• Kim CS, Lee SH, Kim RY, et al. (2002). "Identification of domains directing specificity of coupling to G-proteins for the melanocortin MC3 and MC4 receptors". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (35): 31310–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112085200. PMID 12045190. 

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

This transmembrane receptor-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.v · Categories: Human proteins G protein coupled receptors Transmembrane receptor stubs Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Игры ⚽ Поможем написать курсовую Dando Bobby Morrissey Look at other dictionaries: Melanocortin 3 receptor — Identifiers Symbols MC3R; BMIQ9; MC3; MC3 R; OB20; OQTL External IDs …   Wikipedia Melanocortin 5 receptor — Identifiers Symbols MC5R; External IDs OMIM:  …   Wikipedia Melanocortin 1 receptor — (alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor) Identifiers Symbols MC1R; CMM5; MGC14337; MSH R; SHEP2 External IDs …   Wikipedia Melanocortin receptor — Melanocortin receptors are members of the rhodopsin family of 7 transmembrane, G protein coupled receptors. There are five known members of the melanocortin receptor system[1] each with differing specificities for melanocortins:[2][3][4] …   Wikipedia Melanocortin — proopiomelanocortin derivatives POMC       γ MSH ACTH β lipotropin …   Wikipedia ACTH receptor — The ACTH receptor is a type of melanocortin receptor (type 2) which is specific for ACTH.cite journal | author = Beuschlein F, Fassnacht M, Klink A, Allolio B, Reincke M | title = ACTH receptor expression, regulation and role in adrenocortial… …   Wikipedia Central Melanocortin System — Anatomy = This system is defined anatomically as a collection of central nervous system circuits which include: Neurons that express hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and agouiti gene related protein or pro opiomelanocortin and that originate in the… …   Wikipedia Melanotropin receptor — is a protein found in skin and eye cells that make melanin (a pigment that gives color to the skin and helps protect it from damage by ultraviolet light). People with certain changes in the gene for the melanotropin receptor have a higher risk of …   Wikipedia Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 — Identifiers Symbols MCHR1; GPR24; MCH1R; MGC32129; SLC1 External IDs …   Wikipedia Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2 — Identifiers Symbols MCHR2; GPR145; GPRv17; MCH 2R; MCH R2; MCH2; MCH2R; MCHR 2; SLT External IDs …   Wikipedia 18+ © Academic, 2000-2024 Contact us: Technical Support, Advertising Dictionaries export, created on PHP, Joomla, Drupal, WordPress, MODx. Mark and share Search through all dictionaries Translate… Search Internet Share the article and excerpts Direct link … Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”