Léon Brillouin

Infobox Scientist
name = Léon Brillouin
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caption = Léon Nicolas Brillouin (1889–1969)
birth_date = August 7,1889
birth_place = Sèvres, Seine-et-Oise, France
death_date = October 4, 1969
death_place = New York, USA
residence = France
USA
citizenship = French (pre-1949)
American (post-1949)
nationality =
ethnicity =
field = Physicist
work_institutions = Sorbonne
College de France
École Supérieure d'Électricité

University of Wisconsin
Brown University
Harvard
IBM
Columbia University
alma_mater = École Normale Supérieure
Sorbonne
College de France
doctoral_advisor = Paul Langevin
doctoral_students =
known_for = Brillouin scattering
Brillouin zone
Brillouin function
Einstein-Brillouin-Keller method
WKB approximation
Negentropy
Brillouin-Wigner formula
Brillouin doublet
Brillouin flow
Brillouin theorem
author_abbrev_bot =
author_abbrev_zoo =
influences = Henri Poincaré
H. A. Lorentz
Albert Einstein
Jean Perrin
Arnold Sommerfeld
influenced =
prizes =
religion =
footnotes = He was the son of the physicist Marcel Brillouin.

Léon Nicolas Brillouin (August 7,1889 – December 1969) was a French physicist. He was born in Sèvres (near Paris), France. His father, Marcel Brillouin, was a physicist as well. He made contributions to quantum mechanics, radio wave propagation in the atmosphere, solid state physics, and information theory.

Education

From 1908 to 1912, Brillouin studied physics at the École Normale Supérieure, in Paris. From 1911 he studied under Jean Perrin until he left for the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (LMU), in 1912. At LMU, he studied theoretical physics with Arnold Sommerfeld. Just a few months before Brillouin’s arrival at LMU, Max von Laue had conducted his experiment showing X-ray diffraction in a crystal lattice. In 1913, he went back to France to study at the University of Paris and it was in this year that Niels Bohr submitted his first paper on the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. [ [http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Bohr/Bohr-1913a.html Bohr Model] - Niels Bohr "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules", "Philosophical Magazine" Series 6, Volume 26, July 1913, p. 1-25.] From 1914 until 1919, during World War I, he served in the military. At the conclusion of the war, he returned to the University of Paris to continue his studies with Paul Langevin, and was awarded his "Docteur ès science" in 1920. [ Brillouin thesis title: "La théorie des solides et les quanta", as cited in Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, p. 882. ] Brillouin’s thesis jury was composed of Langevin, Marie Curie, and Jean Perrin and his thesis topic was on the quantum theory of solids. In his thesis, he proposed an equation of state based on the atomic vibrations (phonons) that propagate through it. He also studied the propagation of monochromatic light waves and their interaction with acoustic waves, i.e., scattering of light with a frequency change, which became known as Brillouin scattering. [ Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, p. 579.] [ [http://www-llb.cea.fr/presllb/leonbrillouin_e.pdf Léon Brillouin] – Biography]

Career

After receipt of his doctorate, Brillouin became the scientific secretary of the reorganized "Journal de Physique et le Radium". In 1923, he became associate director of the physics laboratories at the Collège de France. In 1926, Gregor Wentzel, [ Gregor Wentzel "Eine Verallgemeinerun der Quantenbedingungen für die Zwecke der Wellenmechanik", "Z. Physik." 38 518-529 (1926). As cieted in Mehra, 2001, Volume 5, Part 2, p. 961.] Hendrik Kramers, [ H. A. Kramers "Wellenmechanik und halbzahlige Quantisierung", "Z. Physik." 39 828-840 (1926). As cieted in Mehra, 2001, Volume 5, Part 2, p. 920.] and Brillouin [ Léon Brillouin "La mécanique ondulatoire de Schrödinger; une méthode générale de resolution par approximations successives", "Comptes rendus" (Paris) 183 24-26 (1926). As cieted in Mehra, 2001, Volume 5, Part 2, p. 882.] independently developed what is known as the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation, also known as the "WKB method", "classical approach", and "phase integral method". [ Schiff, 1968, p. 269.] In 1928, after the l’Institut Henri Poincaré was established, he was appointed as professor to the Chair for Theoretical Physics. During his work on the propagation of electron waves in a crystal lattice, he introduced the concept of Brillouin zones in 1930. Quantum mechanical perturbations techniques by Brillouin and by Eugene Wigner resulted in what is known as the Brillouin-Wigner formula. [ Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, p. 579.] [ [http://www-llb.cea.fr/presllb/leonbrillouin_e.pdf Léon Brillouin] – Biography] [ [http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/ Author Catalog: Brillouin] – American Philosophical Society] [ [http://www-llb.cea.fr/presllb/leonbrillouin_e.pdf Léon Brillouin] – Biography]

Since Brillouin’s study with Sommerfeld, he was interested and did pioneering work in the diffraction of electromagnetic radiation in a dispersive media. [ Léon Brillouin "Über die Fortpflanzung des Lichtes in dispergierenden Medien", "Ann. d. Phys." (4) 44 203-240 (1914), as cited in Mehra, Volume 1, Part 2, p. 746.] As a specialist in radio wave propagation, about a month before war was declared on Germany, August 1939, Brillouin was appointed General Director of the Radio Diffusion Française. In May 1940, upon the collapse of France, as part of the government, he retired to Vichy. Six months later, he resigned and went to the United States. [ Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, p. 579.] [ [http://www-llb.cea.fr/presllb/leonbrillouin_e.pdf Léon Brillouin] – Biography]

Until 1942, Brillouin was a visiting professor at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, and then he was a professor at Brown University, in Providence, Rhode Island, until 1943. For the next two years, he was a research scientist with the National Defense Research Committee at Columbia University, working in the field of RADAR. From 1947 to 1949, he was professor of applied mathematics at Harvard University. During the period 1952 to 1954, he was with IBM Corporation in Poughkeepsie, New York, as well as a staff member of the IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University. In 1954, he became an adjunct professor at Columbia University. He lived in New York City until he died in 1969. [ Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, p. 579.] [ [http://www-llb.cea.fr/presllb/leonbrillouin_e.pdf Léon Brillouin] – Biography]

Brillouin was a founder of modern solid state physics for which he discovered, among other things, Brillouin zones. He applied information theory to physics and the design of computers and coined the concept of Negentropy to demonstrate the similarity between entropy and information. [ Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, p. 579.] [ [http://www-llb.cea.fr/presllb/leonbrillouin_e.pdf Léon Brillouin] – Biography]

Brillouin offered a solution to the problem of Maxwell's demon. In his book, "Relativity Reexamined", he called for a "painful and complete re-appraisal" of relativity theory which "is now absolutely necessary."

Honors

*1953 – Elected to the US National Academy of Sciences

Books

* H. Armagnat and Léon Brillouin "Les mesures en haute fréquences" (Chiron, 1924)

* Léon Brillouin "Les Statistiques Quantiques Et Leurs Applications. 2 Vols." (Presse Universitaires de France, 1930)

* Léon Brillouin " La Theorie des Quanta et l'Atome de Bohr" (Presse Universitaires de France, 1922, 1931)

* Léon Brillouin "Conductabilite electrique et thermique des metaux" (Hermann, 1934)

* Léon Brillouin "Notions Elementaires de Mathematiques pour le Sciences Experimentales" (Libraires de :Õacademie de Medecine, 1939)

* Léon Brillouin "The Mathematics of Ultra-High Frequencies Radio" (Brown University, 1943)

* Léon Brillouin "Wave Propagation in Periodic Structures: Electric Filters and Crystal Lattices" (McGraw-Hill, 1946) (Dover, 1953, 2003)

* Léon Brillouin "Les Tenseurs en mécanique et en élasticité: Cours de physique théorique" (Dover, 1946)

* Léon Brillouin "Mathématiques" (Masson, 1947)

* Léon Brillouin "Notions élémentaires de mathématiques pour les sciences expérimentales" (Masson, 1947)

* Léon Brillouin "Propagation des ondes dans les milieux périodiques" (Masson – Dunod, 1956)

* Léon Brillouin "La science et la théorie de l'information" (Masson, 1959)

* Léon Brillouin "Vie Matière et Observation" (Albin Michel, 1959)

* Léon Brillouin "Wave Propagation and Group Velocity" (Academic Press, 1960)

* Léon Brillouin "Science and Information Theory" (Academic Press, 1962) (Dover, 2004)

* Léon Brillouin "Scientific Uncertainty and Information" (Academic Press, 1964)

* Léon Brillouin " Tensors in Mechanics and Elasticity. Translated from the French By Robert O. Brennan. (Engineering Physics: An International Series of Monographs, Vol. 2)" (Academic Press, 1964)

* Léon Brillouin "Relativity Reexamined" (Academic Press, 1970)

* Léon Brillouin "Tres Vidas Ejemplares en la Física" (Madrid, Marzo, 1970)

ee also

* Brillouin scattering
* Brillouin zone
* Brillouin function
* Einstein-Brillouin-Keller method
* WKB approximation
* Negentropy
* Brillouin-Mandel'shtam effect

References

*Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg "The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 2 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900 – 1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties." (Springer, 2001) ISBN 0-387-95175-X

*Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg "The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 5 Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics. Part 2 Schrödinger in Vienna and Zurich 1887-1925." (Springer, 2001) ISBN 0-387-95180-6

*Schiff, Leonard I. "Quantum Mechanics" (McGraw-Hill, 3rd edition, 1968)

External links

* [http://www-llb.cea.fr/presllb/leonbrillouin_e.pdf Léon Brillouin] - Biography

Notes