Dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase

Dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase
dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase
Identifiers
EC number 1.1.1.219
CAS number 98668-58-7
Databases
IntEnz IntEnz view
BRENDA BRENDA entry
ExPASy NiceZyme view
KEGG KEGG entry
MetaCyc metabolic pathway
PRIAM profile
PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology AmiGO / EGO

In enzymology, a dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase (EC 1.1.1.219) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+ \rightleftharpoons (+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are (+)-dihydrokaempferol, NADPH, and H+.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include dihydroflavanol 4-reductase (DFR), dihydromyricetin reductase, NADPH-dihydromyricetin reductase, and dihydroquercetin reductase. This enzyme participates in flavonoid biosynthesis.

Contents

Function

Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase is an enzyme part of the lignin biosynthesis pathway.

Anthocyanidins are further reduced by the enzyme dihydroflavonol 4-reductase to the corresponding colorless leucoanthocyanidins.[1]

Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase uses dihydromyricetin (ampelopsin) NADPH and 2 H+ to produce leucodelphinidin and NADP.[2][3]

In Arabidopsis thaliana, the enzyme uses sinapaldehyde or coniferyl aldehyde or coumaraldehyde and NADPH to produce sinapyl alcohol or coniferyl alcohol or coumaryl alcohol respectively and NADP+.[4]

Structural studies

As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 2C29 and 2IOD.

References

  1. ^ Nakajima J, Tanaka Y, Yamazaki M, Saito K (July 2001). "Reaction mechanism from leucoanthocyanidin to anthocyanidin 3-glucoside, a key reaction for coloring in anthocyanin biosynthesis". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (28): 25797–803. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100744200. PMID 11316805. 
  2. ^ "Leucodelphinidin biosynthesis". MetaCyc. SRI International. http://biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=PWY-5152&detail-level=3. 
  3. ^ Les cibles d’amélioration pour la qualité des raisins: L’exemple des flavonoïdes, Nancy Terrier (French)
  4. ^ "Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase". Arabidopsis Reactome. http://arabidopsisreactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=test_reactome_9_ath_all&FOCUS_SPECIES=Arabidopsis_thaliana&ID=43094. 

Further reading

  • Heller W, Forkmann G, Britsch L and Grisebach H (1985). "Enzymatic reduction of (+)-dihydroflavonols to flavan-3,4-cis- diols with flower extracts from Matthiola incana and its role in anthocyanin biosynthesis". Planta 165 (2): 284–287. doi:10.1007/BF00395052. 
  • Stafford HA and Lester HH (1985). "Flavan-3-ol biosynthesis the conversion of (+)- dihydromyricetin to its flavan-3,4-diol (leucodelphinidin) and to (+)-gallocatechin by reductases extracted from tissue-cultures of Ginkgo biloba and Pseudotsuga-menziesii". Plant Physiol. 78 (4): 791–794. doi:10.1104/pp.78.4.791. 


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