James Trubshaw

James Trubshaw (13 February 1777 – 28 October 1853) was an English builder, architect and civil engineer. [http://books.google.com/books?id=v_8IAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=%22james+trubshaw%22&source=web&ots=lRn_G2RVGT&sig=-6XtQJWpDYz1wo4_eGrqFpn83O8#PPA97,M1 Anon. (1854) Obituary.—Mr. James Trubshaw, C.E. "The Gentleman's Magazine", Vol. XLI, 97–100] (accessed 16 October 2007)] [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27772 Carlyle EI. 'Trubshaw, James (1777–1853)', Harrington R (revd), "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" (Oxford University Press, 2004)] (accessed 16 October 2007)] His civil engineering works include the construction of the Grosvenor Bridge in Chester, Cheshire, then the longest stone span. He also pioneered the technique of underexcavation with the straightening the leaning tower of St Chad's in Wybunbury, Cheshire.

Early life and career

He was born to stonemason, builder and engineering contractor, James Trubshaw and his second wife Elizabeth (née Webb), at the Mount near Colwich in Staffordshire, the second son in a family of seven sons and two daughters. [http://www.unesco.org/archi2000/pdf/burland.pdf Johnston G, Burland J. An early example of the use of underexcavation to stabilise the tower of St Chad, Wybunbury in 1832] (accessed 15 October 2007)] He was educated in Rugeley, but left school aged only eleven to start work in his father's business. His earliest experience included working on buildings such as Sandon Hall, Fonthill Abbey, Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle. In 1795, he worked on Wolseley Bridge near Colwich, and many of his early projects were bridges.

On the death of his father in 1808, Trubshaw started a building business in Stone; an early commission was to rebuild Ashcombe Hall. [ [http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=274542 Images of England: Ashcombe Park] (accessed 17 October 2007)] He worked for a time in partnership with the Lichfield architect Thomas Johnson (1794–1865), who was to become his son-in-law. [ [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42349 Greenslade MW (ed.). 'Lichfield: Economic history', in "A History of the County of Stafford", Vol. 14, pp. 109–131, (1990)] (accessed 16 October 2007)] [ [http://www.churchplansonline.org/show_people.asp?nameauthorityid=3142 The Incorporated Church Building Society: Thomas Johnson] (accessed 16 October 2007)] In 1827, Trubshaw became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and presented several papers there. [http://books.google.com/books?id=cRQFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA142&dq=%22james+trubshaw%22#PPA146,M1 Manby C (ed.) (1854–5) "Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers; with Abstracts of the Discussions" Vol. XIV, 142–146] ] He later became the chief engineer of the Trent and Mersey Canal Company, and superintended the construction of reservoirs, feeders and railways for the company.

Although he received only a limited education, he was a gifted practical engineer. His obituary in "The Gentleman's Magazine" described him as a man "of original genius, of great natural talent, and persevering energy ... gifted with an instinctive perception of all great mechanical principles, uniformly guided by excellent common sense."

Works

Bridges

His best-known work is the construction of the Grosvenor Bridge over the River Dee at Chester, Cheshire (1827–33). Designed by Thomas Harrison, the project had been dismissed as impractical by prominent engineers of the time including Thomas Telford. Its single stone span of 200 feet was considered the longest in the world when it was completed in 1833. [ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
] (accessed 16 October 2007)] [ [http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=469818 Images of England: Grosvenor Bridge] (accessed 16 October 2007)] The Institution of Civil Engineers, to whom Trubshaw presented models of the bridge showing its method of construction, described his methods as having "excited the admiration of the Profession." Trubshaw himself said that he was "convinced the arch will be the largest and finest stone arch in Europe and will consequently be a lasting monument to the glory and superiority of Great Britain." [http://www.bwpics.co.uk/grosvenor.bridge.html 12. The Grosvenor Bridge] (accessed 16 October 2007)]

He also constructed many other bridges, including Exeter Bridge over the Derwent in Derby, Derbyshire (1850; now demolished).

Leaning tower of St Chad's

Trubshaw is also known for stabilising the leaning tower of the church of St Chad in Wybunbury, Cheshire, in 1832. [ [http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=57020 Images of England: Tower of former Church of St Chad] (accessed 16 October 2007)] At that date, the 29.3 m tower inclined to the north east by 1.6 m, due to its location on sloping sandy soil with underlying saliferous beds, and it had tilted an average of 12 mm per year since 1790. Trubshaw pioneered a method which involved no "wonderful machining or secret inventions" and was described in the "Architectural Magazine" of 1836:

"Mr Trubshaw, after examining well the outside of the foundations, commenceddigging down the inside. After having got below the level of the footings (loweststones of the foundation), he proceeded to bore a row of auger-holes clear throughunder the foundations of the high side, the holes nearly touching each other. Theseholes he filled with water; and, corking them up with a piece of marl, let them rest forthe night. In the morning, the water had softened the marl to a puddle; and thebuilding gradually began to sink, another row of holes were bored, but, not exactly sofar as the first row. They were filled with water as before; and the high side not onlykept sinking, but the fracture in the centre kept gradually closing up. This process wascontinued till the steeple became perfectly straight, and the fracture imperceptible."

This is the earliest documented application of the technique of underexcavation, which has since been successfully used to stabilise the Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico City (1993–8) [ [http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?0105022 Ovando-Shelley E, Santoyo E. (2001) Underexcavation for leveling buildings in Mexico City: case of the Metropolitan Cathedral and the Sagrario Church "Journal of Architectural Engineering" 7: 61–70] (accessed 17 October 2007)] and the Leaning Tower of Pisa (1999–2001). [ [http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/pisa.htm Burland JB. Pisa goes critical, Henry Tizard Memorial Lecture 2000] (accessed 17 October 2007)] Trubshaw's work accords with modern conservation principles as it was invisible, used the minimum intervention required and could be reversed or repeated if necessary. Despite the extreme instability of the ground, the straightened tower of St Chad's stood without further intervention for over 150 years; it was restabilised using reinforced concrete foundations in 1989.

Other works

Trubshaw's other works include a column commemorating the landing of George IV at Ramsgate, Kent (1821), Ilam Hall, near Ashbourne, Staffordshire (1821–6) [ [http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=274478 Images of England: Ilam Hall and Gardener's Cottage] (accessed 16 October 2007)] , Weston House, Warwickshire (now demolished) and the orangery and lodges of Heath House, Checkley, Staffordshire (1830–1). [ [http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=274938 Orangery, screen wall and potting sheds approx. 200m N. E. of Heath House] , [http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=274936 North west lodge to Heath House] & [http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=274935 North Lodge to Heath House] (accessed 17 October 2007)]

He built several Commissioners' Churches, including St James' Church, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire (1833–4), St James' Church, Congleton, Cheshire (1847–8) [Pevsner N, Hubbard E. "The Buildings of England: Cheshire", pp. 182–3 (Penguin Books; 1971) (ISBN 0-14-071042-6)] and Holy Trinity, Hanley, Staffordshire (1848–9). [ [http://www.westgallerychurches.com/articles/Commissioners%20Churches.html Commissioners’ Churches] (accessed 16 October 2007)] [ [http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=384440 Images of England: Church of the Holy Trinity] (accessed 16 October 2007)] He also rebuilt St Michael's Church, Great Wolford, Warwickshire [ [http://warkcom.net/live/cme2050.htm Warwickshire Communities: History of St Michaels Church Building, Churchyard and Contents] (accessed 16 October 2007)] and St Lawrence's Church, Chorlton, Staffordshire. [ [http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=362546 Images of England: Church of St Lawrence] (accessed 17 October 2007)]

Personal life

Trubshaw was described as tall and athletic. In 1801, he married Mary Bott of Stone; they had three sons and three daughters. Their eldest son, Thomas Trubshaw (1802–42), also became an architect; their eldest daughter married the architect Thomas Johnson, and their daughter Susanna was a poet and essayist. The family settled in Little Haywood near Colwich in Staffordshire in 1809, and Trubshaw remained there until his death in 1853. He is buried at Colwich, where the parish church contains a memorial to him. [ [http://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/conway/8774b96f.html Art and architecture: Tomb of James Trubshaw] (accessed 16 October 2007)]

References

Further reading

*Bayliss A. "The Life and Work of James Trubshaw, 1777–1853: Staffordshire Builder, Architect and Civil Engineer" (Anne Bayliss; 1978) (ISBN 0950640506)