Madrean Region

in the south.

The Madrean Region is characterized a very distinct flora with at least three endemic families (Fouquieriaceae, Simmondsiaceae, and Setchellanthaceae). Crossosomataceae, Garryaceae, Lennoaceae, Limnanthaceae and Stegnospermataceae have their principal development here; for Onagraceae, Polemoniaceae and Hydrophyllaceae it is the major center of diversity. More than 250 genera and probably more than half of the species of the region are endemic to it according to Takhtajan. The region is subdivided into four floristic provinces: the Great Basin Province, Californian Province, Sonoran Province and Mexican Highlands Province.

The Great Basin Province includes most of the Great Basin. It shares much of its flora with the neighboring provinces and has but few endemic genera. Species endemism is also moderate (about 25%), but is much more considerable in such genera as "Astragalus", "Eriogonum", "Penstemon", "Cymopterus", "Lomatium", "Cryptantha", "Chrysothamnus", "Erigeron", "Phacelia", "Castilleja", and "Gilia". The vegetation is dominated by "Artemisia" species and Chenopodiaceae in the central part of the province.

The Californian Province occupies Central and Southern California from the seashore to the foothills of the Cascade Range and Sierra Madre, as well as northern parts of Baja California of Mexico. It possesses the most diverse flora within the floristic region. About half of the species are endemic. More than 50 genera (e.g. "Adenostoma", "Bergerocactus", "Carpenteria", "Cneoridium", "Dendromecon", "Fremontodendron", "Jepsonia", "Lyonothamnus", "Neostapfia", "Odontostomum", "Ornithostaphylos", "Pickeringia", "Romneya") are endemic or near-endemic as well. "Arctostaphylos", Brodiaeinae, "Calochortus", "Caulanthus", "Streptanthus", "Ceanothus", "Cryptantha", "Downingia", "Dudleya", Eritrichieae, Eriogonoideae, Gileae, Hydrophyllaceae, Limnanthaceae, "Lotus", Madiinae, "Mimulus", Onagreae, Epilobieae, Orcuttieae, Eschscholzioideae, Platystemonoideae, "Astragalus" and "Cupressus" have a principal center of diversity within the province. The flora of the Californian Province is partially shared with the spatially distant Chile-Patagonian Region of the Antarctic Kingdom and to a lesser extent Mediterranean Region of the Holarctic Kingdom. The vegetation of the Californian Province is varied. Wetter northern parts of the Californian Province (Northern California and Oregon) as defined by Peter Raven and D.I. Axelrod, as well as by Conservation International, fall under the Rocky Mountain Region in Takhtajan and Thorne's system and don't make parts of the Madrean Region.

The Sonoran Province comprises arid areas in the southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico from California and Baja California to Texas and Tamaulipas, including the Mojave (characterized by "Yucca brevifolia", Joshua Tree), Sonora and Chihuahua Deserts. The vegetation is dominated by "Yucca", Cactaceae species ("Opuntia" spp. and other), as well as by "Larrea tridentata" (Creosote bush).

Bibliography

*Thorne, Robert F. [http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/FNA/Volume/V01/Chapter06.shtml Phytogeography of North America North of Mexico] . "Flora of North America", Vol. 1, Ch. 6.