Otherworld

For other uses, see Otherworld (disambiguation).

The concept of Otherworlds or realms of supernatural beings and the dead can be found in many cultures throughout the world.^[1] Spirits were thought to travel between worlds, or layers of existence, usually along an axis such as a giant tree, a tent pole, a river, a rope or mountains.^[1][2][3]

Indo-European Otherworlds

Many Indo-European mythologies show evidence for a belief in an "Otherworld"^[1] and in many cases such as in Greek,^[3] Germanic,^[1][2][3] Celtic,^[1][2][3] Slavic^[3] and Indic mythologies^[3] a river had to be crossed to allow enterence to the Otherworld^[3] and it is usually an old man that would transport the soul across the waters.^[3] In Greek and Indic mythology the waters of this river were thought to wash away sins or memories whereas Celtic and Germanic myths feature wisdom-imparting waters, suggesting that while the memories of the deceased are washed away a drinker of the waters would gain inspiration.^[3] The wayfarer will commonly encounter a dog either in the capacity of a guardian of the Otherworld or as the wanderer's guide.^[3] Examples of this are the Greek Kérberos, the three-headed hound of Hades, and the Indic सर्वरा "sarvarā, one of the hounds of Yama, whose names may derive from an Indo-European *ḱerberos meaning "spotted".^[3] In Indo-European mythologies the Otherworld is depicted in many ways, including peaceful meadows, islands and buildings making it hard to determine how the original Proto-Indo-European Otherworld was viewed.^[3] However the ruler of the dead was possibly *Yemo the divine twin of *Manu the first man.^[4]

Celtic

See Celtic Otherworld

Germanic

See articles Alfheim, Asgard, Vanaheim and Norse cosmology

As was the case in the Celtic mythologies, in Germanic myths apples were particularly associated with the Otherworld.^[4] In the Scandinavian tradition mythological localities are featured, as in Irish mythology, however unlike Irish mythology an attempt was made to map the localities of the Otherworld rather than list locales associated with it.^[2] In the Edda many locations are named including the names of the dwellings of the gods such as Odin's hall of Valhalla or Ull's dwelling of Ydalar ("Yewdale").^[2] The Gylfaginning features a journey to the Otherworld and the later Norwegian poem the Draumkvaede.^[2]

Greek

see articles Mount Olympus, Underworld, Hades and Fortunate Isles

In Greco-Roman mythology the Gods were said to dwell on Mount Olympus whereas the dead usually went to the Underworld or Fortunate Isles after death.

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Gods, goddesses, and mythology, Volume 11, C. Scott Littleton, Marshall Cavendish, 2005, ISBN 0761475591, 9780761475590. Pp. 1286-1287
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} The Lost Beliefs of Northern Europe Hilda Ellis Davidson, Routledge, 2002 ISBN 0203408500, 9780203408506. pp.67-76
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams, Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 0199287910, 9780199287918. Page. 439
4. ^ ^{a b} Death, war, and sacrifice: studies in ideology and practice, Bruce Lincoln, University of Chicago Press, 1991, ISBN 0226482006, 9780226482002. Pages. 32-38