Design speed

The design speed is a tool used to determine geometric features of a new road during road design. The design speed chosen for a highway is a major factor in choosing superelevation rates and radii of curves, sight distance, and the lengths of crest and sag vertical curves. Roads with higher travel speeds require sweeping curves, steeper curve banking, longer sight distances, and more gentle hill crests and valleys. Lower speed roads can have sharper curves, less banking, less sight distance, and sharper hill crests and valleys.

While a road's design speed is sometimes used to determine an initial speed limit, it is an imperfect measure of the maximum speed at which a motor vehicle can be operated for reasons including but not limited to:

• It is only a theoretical or laboratory measurement created before a road is even built.
• The highest design speed for a road or segment is the design speed of its least favorable part. For example, given a road segment with an 60 mph design speed except for a curve with a 45 mph design speed, the entire segment would have a 45 mph design speed. In reality, the road may have a 45 mph advisory speed on the curve and higher safe operating speeds elsewhere.
• The design speed may be higher than legislated speed limit caps, so it would not be legal to sign some roads at their design speeds.^[1][2])
• It is based based on the capabilities of vehicles and roadways that existed at or before the design speed was determined. Vehicular and roadway technologies generally improve over time. Therefore, as time elapses from when a roadway's original design speed was determined, it is increasingly likely that a design speed will underestimate the maximum safe speed.

Recognizing the limitations on the use of the design speed for speed limit determination, "operating speeds and even posted speed limits can be higher than design speeds without necessarily compromising safety". ^[3]

The concept of design speed is evolving. The definition in the 1994 edition of the AASHTO Green Book,^[4] was "the maximum safe speed that can be maintained over a specified section of highway when conditions are so favorable that the design features of the highway govern. The assumed design speed should be a logical one with respect to the topography, the adjacent land use, and the functional classification of highway." A majority of US states used this definition.^[5] In 2004, the first sentence was changed to "a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of a roadway." ^[6] This reflects the fact that meeting a minimum design speed is not enough to ensure a safe roadway.

Recently, the concept of design consistency has been used instead of minimum design speeds. This attemtps to connect driver's expectations about the roadway with the roadway design. It uses driver behavior models to predict vehicle speeds on highway segments, and compares the predicted speed on adjacent segments. Significant reductions in speed from one segment to the next are flagged as locations where drivers may end up driving too fast for road conditions. ^[7]

A major shift in philosophy is also taking place regarding design speed of urban and suburban streets. Highway engineers would measure the prevailing speed on a road and design the road for that speed, assuming that it would be safe. Recent research ^[8] and design practices ^[9] have focused on using the street design to influence drivers to choose speeds appropriate for the neighborhood.

Factors

When roads are planned, the selected design speed may be based on or influence several factors, including but not limited to:

• geometric design of road features
• planned operating speed
• legislated speed limit caps
• anticipated traffic volume
• the road's functional classification

See also

• Geometric design of roads
• Operating speed
• Speed limit
• Traffic calming

References

1. ^ http://www.mynorthwest.com/category/local_news_articles/20100907/WSDOT-says-roads-can't-support-90-mph-freeway-passes/
2. ^ http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-5544-1.pdf
3. ^ "Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Practices (Report 504)" (PDF). National Cooperative Highway Research Program. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_504.pdf. "A significant concern with the 1954 design speed concept was the language of the definition and its relationship with operational speed measures. The term “maximum safe speed” is used in the definition, and it was recognized that operating speeds and even posted speed limits can be higher than design speeds without necessarily compromising safety. In 1997, Fambro et al. (15) recommended a revised definition of design speed for the Green Book while maintaining the five provisions noted above. The definition recommended was, “The design speed is a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the roadway.” The term “safe” was removed in order to avoid the perception that speeds greater than the design speed were “unsafe.” The AASHTO Task Force on Geometric Design voted in November 1998 to adopt this definition and it was included in the 2001 Green Book (17)." 
4. ^ A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets: 1994. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. ISBN 978-1560510684. 
5. ^ "Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Practices (Report 504)" (PDF). National Cooperative Highway Research Program. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_504.pdf. 
6. ^ A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets: 2004. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. ISBN 978-1560512636. 
7. ^ Evaluation of Design Consistency Methods for Two-Lane Rural Highways, Executive Summary. Federal Highway Administration. August 2000. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/ihsdm/99173/99173.pdf. 
8. ^ Designing Roads that Guide Drivers to Choose Safer Speeds. Connecticut Cooperative Highway Research Program. 2009. http://www.ct.gov/dot/LIB/dot/documents/dresearch/JHR_09-321_JH_04-6.pdf. 
9. ^ New York State Highway Design Manual Chapter 25: Traffic Calming. New York State Department of Transportation. 1999. https://www.nysdot.gov/divisions/engineering/design/dqab/hdm/hdm-repository/chapt_25.pdf.