Wadi Hammamat

_ar. Wadi Hammamat ( _en. Valley of Many Baths) is a dry river bed in Egypt's Eastern Desert, about halfway between Qusier and Qena. It was a major mining region and trade route east from the Nile Valley in ancient times, and three thousand years of rock carvings and graffiti make it a major scientific and tourist site today.

Trade route

Hammamat became the major route from Thebes to the Red Sea port of Elim, and then to the Silk Road that led to Asia, or to Arabia and the horn of Africa. This 200km journey was the most direct route from the Nile to the Red Sea, as the Nile bends toward the coast at the western end of the wadi.

The Hammamat route ran from Qift, located just north of Luxor, to Quseir on the coast of the Red Sea. Qift later was called Coptos by the Greeks, and it was an important center for administration, religion, and commerce. The cities at both ends of the route were established by the First Dynasty, although evidence of predynastic occupation also has been found along the route. [ [http://www.wadi.cd2.com/html/appendix_f.html The Archaeology of the Eastern Desert, Appendix F: Desert Rock Areas and Sites] . Andie Byrnes, University College London, June 2007. Retrieved September 2007.]

Quarries

In Ancient Egypt Hammamat was a major quarrying area for the Nile Valley. Quarrying expeditions to the Eastern Desert are recorded from the second millennia BCE, where the wadi has exposed Precambrian rocks of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. These include Basalts, schists, "bekhen"-stone (an especially prized green metagraywacke sandstone used for bowls, palettes, statues, and sarcophagi) [ [http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Harrell/Egypt/Quarries/Stones_List.html Survey of ancient Egyptian stone quarries (rock varieties and images, locations, and ages)] . James A. Harrell, Professor of Geology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo. Retrieved September 2007.] and gold-containing quartz. [ [http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/mining.htm Mining in An introduction to the history and culture of Pharaonic Egypt. André Dollinger, 2000. Retrieved September 2007. ] ]

Pharaoh Seti is recorded as having the first well dug to provide water in the wadi, and Senusret I sent mining expeditions there. The site is described in the earliest-known ancient geological map, the Turin Papyrus Map, describing a quarrying expedition prepared for Ramesses IV.

Carvings

Today Hammamat is famous mostly for its ancient Egyptian graffiti, as well as that in ancient times it was a quarry that lay on the Silk Road to Asia, and is a common destination for modern tourists. The wadi contains many carvings and inscriptions dating from before the earliest Egyptian Dynasties to the modern era, including the only painted petroglyph known from the Eastern Desert and drawings of Egyptian reed boats dated to 4000 BCE. [//hometown.aol.co.uk/lankester2/page6.html WADI HAMAMMAT: Gallery and description of several dyanastic and predynastic sites in the Wadi, by Francis Lankester. Retrieved September 2007.]

Common era

Occupying groups from the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire used both the route and the mines, the Romans establishing toll stations, the Byzantines reopening New Kingdom and Ptolemaic mines at Bir Um Fawakhir, and both building watch towers along the route that survive today. The Romans built a series of eight watering stages (hydreuma), one of which, the Qasr el-Benat, the "Castle of the Maidens", survives.

A modern asphalt road, the "Wadi Hammamat road" now runs for 194km through the wadi, making it a vital transport route, and enabling tourists to travel easily between the sites of nearby Luxor and Thebes. [ [http://www.planetware.com/red-sea/qift-to-quseir-egy-red-qq.htm planetware, detailed modern travel description] .]

Modern European description

The first European descriptions of the Wadi Hammamat were from the Scottish traveler James Bruce in 1769, and the Russian Egyptologist Vladimir Golenishchev led the first modern study of the inscriptions in 1884-1885.

Biblical significance

Pi-hahiroth on the eastern shore of Egypt just south of the Gulf of Aqaba, near Thebes port of Elim, is recorded in the Book of Exodus as a stop on the flight of the Jews from Egypt, suggesting that their path was through the Wadi Hammamat.

Popular culture

The Pogues wrote a song about it, titled "Girl From The Wadi Hammamat".

ee also

* Stone quarries of ancient Egypt
* Narmer Palette, 3100 BCE, one of a number of early and predynastic artifacts carved from the distinctive stone of the Wadi Hammamat

External links

* [http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~andie/html/w-hammamat.html Photograph Gallery of a visit to Wadi Hammamat]
* [http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~gdc/wadilink.htm Demotic Graffiti from the Wadi Hammamat] , from Dr. Eugene Cruz-Uribe, Northern Arizona University
* [http://www.museumphotography.com/HAMMAMAT.HTM Wadi Hammamat, The Road to the Sea] , photographs by Yarko Kobylecky
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.05.0047;layout=;loc=20;query=toc The Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri.] "O.Wadi Hamm.: Nouveaux textes grecs du Ouadi Hammamat", Database of Greek inscriptions in the Wadi Hammamat
* [http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~egypt/Aktuelles/Aegyptiaca05/Grauwacke/Grauwacke.htm Aegyptias Museum, University of Leipzig, "Steine der Pharaonen in Leipzig"] : Guide to 2005 exhibit of stonework and photographs of the Wadi Hammamat

References

* [http://www.touregypt.net/wadihammamat.htm touregypt.net the Wadi Hammamat] .
* [http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/hammamat.htm Hammamat Inscriptions, translated to English] in An introduction to the history and culture of Pharaonic Egypt. André Dollinger, 2000. Retrieved September 2007.