Geography of Greenland

Infobox Islands
name = Greenland


image caption = Outline Map of Greenland with ice sheet depths
image size =
locator
Location map|Greenland
map_custom = yes
native name = "Kalaallit Nunaat"
"Grønland"
Greenland
native name link =
nickname =
location = between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean
coordinates = coord|64|10|N|51|43|W|display=inline
archipelago =
total islands =
major islands =
area = convert|2166086|km2|sqmi|abbr=on
rank = 1st
length =
width =
coastline = convert|44087|km|mi|abbr=on
highest mount = Gunnbjørn
elevation = convert|3694|m|ft|abbr=on
country = Denmark
country admin divisions title = Province
country admin divisions = flag|Greenland
country admin divisions title 1 =
country admin divisions 1 =
country admin divisions title 2 =
country admin divisions 2 =
country largest city = Nuuk (Godthåb)
country largest city population = 15,047
population = 56,344
population as of = 2007
density = 0.026
ethnic groups = 88% (Inuit and Inuit-Danish mixed ), 12% Europeans, mostly Danish
additional info =

Greenland, the largest island in the world, is located between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada and northwest of Iceland. Greenland has no land boundaries and 44,087 km of coastline. A sparse population is confined to small settlements along the coast. Greenland possesses the world's second largest ice sheet.

The vegetation is generally sparse, with the only patch of forested land being found in Nanortalik Municipality in the extreme south near Cape Farewell.

The climate is arctic to subarctic with cool summers and cold winters. The terrain is mostly a flat but gradually sloping icecap that covers all land except for a narrow, mountainous, barren, rocky coast. The lowest point is at sea level, and the highest is Gunnbjørn (3,694 metres/12,119 ft). The northernmost point of Greenland proper is Cape Morris Jesup, discovered by Admiral Robert Peary in 1909. Natural resources include zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, gold, platinum, uranium, fish, seals, and whales.

Area

"total:"2,175,600 km²
"land:"2,175,600 km² (341,700 km² ice-free, 1,833,900 km² ice-covered) (est.)

Maritime claims:
"exclusive fishing zone:"200 nautical miles
"territorial sea:"3 nautical miles

Land use

"arable land:"approximately 0% ; some land is used to grow silage.
"permanent crops:"approximately 0%
"permanent pastures:"1%
"forests and woodland:"approximately 0% ; there is a forest in Nanortalik municipality.
"other:"99% (1993 est.)

Total population 56,000 inhabitants of which ca. 15,000 lives in the capital Nuuk.

Natural hazards

Continuous ice sheet covers 84% of the country; the rest is permafrost.

Environment - current issues

Protection of the Arctic environment; climatic change; pollution of the food chain; preservation of the Inuit traditional way of life, including whaling; excessive hunting [ [http://www.ecoadvise.dk/news] ] on endangered species (walrus, polar bears, narwhal, beluga whale and several sea birds) - Greenland participates actively in Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC).

Climate change

:"See also: Greenland ice sheet"

The Greenland ice sheet is three km thick and broad enough to blanket an area the size of Mexico. The ice is so massive that its weight presses the bedrock of Greenland below sea level, so all-concealing that not until recently did scientists discover that Greenland might actually be three islands.Los Angeles Times, June 25, 2006, [http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/062506F.shtml "Greenland's Ice Sheet Is Slip-Sliding Away"] ]

It is thought that before the Ice Age Greenland had mountainous edges, and a lowland (and probably very dry) center which drained to the sea by one big river flowing out westwards past where Disko Island is now.

There is concern about sea level rise caused by ice loss (melt and glaciers falling into the sea) on Greenland. Between 1997 and 2003 ice loss was 80±12 km³/yr, compared to about 60 km³/yr for 1993/4-1998/9. Half of the increase was from higher summer melting, with the rest caused by velocities of some glaciers exceeding those needed to balance upstream snow accumulation (Krabill et al., L24402, GRL 2004). A complete loss of ice on Greenland would cause a sea level rise of as much as 6.40 meters.

Researchers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the University of Kansas reported in February 2006 that the glaciers are melting twice as fast as they were five years ago. By 2005, Greenland was beginning to lose more ice volume than anyone expected — an annual loss of up to 52 cubic miles per year (216 km³/yr), according to more recent satellite gravity measurements released by JPL.

Between 1991 and 2006, monitoring of the weather at one location (Swiss Camp) found that the average winter temperature had risen almost 10 degrees fahrenheit.

Recently, Greenland's three largest outlet glaciers have started moving faster, satellite data show. These are the Jakobshavn Isbræ at Ilulissat on the western edge of Greenland, and the Kangerdlugssuaq and Helheim glaciers on the eastern edge of Greenland. The two latter accelerated greatly during the years 2004-2005, but returned to pre-2004 velocities in 2006 [ [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1138478v1 Rapid Changes in Ice Discharge from Greenland Outlet Glaciers - Howat et al., 10.1126/science.1138478 - Science ] ] . The accelerating ice flow has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in seismic activity. In March 2006, researchers at Harvard University and the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University reported that the glaciers now generate swarms of earthquakes up to magnitude 5.0.

The retreat of Greenland's ice is revealing islands that were thought to be part of the mainland. In September 2005 Dennis Schmitt discovered an island 400 miles north of the Arctic Circle in eastern Greenland which he named Uunartoq Qeqertoq, Inuit for "warming island". [ [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/16/science/earth/16gree.html?ex=1326603600&en=b018c85a1b03d90f&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss The Warming of Greenland] , "New York Times", January 16, 2007]

Extreme points

This is a list of the extreme points of Greenland, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.

"Greenland (nation)"

* Northernmost Point — Kaffeklubben Island (83°40'N) - the northernmost permanent land in the world.
* Southernmost Point — Cape Farewell, Egger Island (59°46'N)
* Westernmost Point — Cape Alexander (73°08'W)
* Easternmost Point — Nordostrundingen, Greenland (12°08'W)

"Greenland (island)"

* Northernmost Point — Cape Morris Jesup (83°39'N)
* Southernmost Point — Peninsula near Nanortalik
* Westernmost Point — Cape Alexander (73°08'W)
* Easternmost Point — Nordostrundingen, Greenland (12°08'W)

References

External links

* [http://www.geus.dk/program-areas/raw-materials-greenl-map/greenland/gr-map/kost_1-dk.htm www.geus.dk] Geological map of Greenland from the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland ( GEUS).