Credit-linked note

Credit-linked note

A credit linked note (CLN) is a form of funded credit derivative. It is structured as a security with an embedded credit default swap allowing the issuer to transfer a specific credit risk to credit investors. The issuer is not obligated to repay the debt if a specified event occurs. This eliminates a third-party insurance provider.

It is issued by a special purpose company or trust, designed to offer investors par value at maturity unless the referenced entity defaults. In the case of default, the investors receive a recovery rate.

The trust will also have entered into a default swap with a dealer. In case of default, the trust will pay the dealer par minus the recovery rate, in exchange for an annual fee which is passed on to the investors in the form of a higher yield on their note.

The purpose of the arrangement is to pass the risk of specific default onto investors willing to bear that risk in return for the higher yield it makes available. The CLNs themselves are typically backed by very highly-rated collateral, such as U.S. Treasury securities.

The Italian dairy products giant, Parmalat, notoriously dressed up its books by creating a credit-linked note for itself, betting on its own credit worthiness.

In Hong Kong and Singapore, credit-linked notes have been marketed as "minibonds" and sold to individual investors. After Lehman Brothers, the major issuer of minibond in Hong Kong and Singapore, filed for bankruptcy in September 2008, many retail investors of minibonds claim that banks and brokers mis-sold minibonds as low-risk products. Many banks accepted minibonds as collateral for loans and credit facilities.[1]

Contents

Example

A bank lends money to a company, XYZ, and at the time of loan issues credit-linked notes bought by investors. The interest rate on the notes is determined by the credit risk of the company XYZ. The funds the bank raises by issuing notes to investors are invested in bonds with low probability of default. If company XYZ is solvent, the bank is obligated to pay the notes in full. If company XYZ goes bankrupt, the note-holders/investors become the creditor of the company XYZ and receive the company XYZ loan. The bank in turn gets compensated by the returns on less-risky bond investments funded by issuing credit linked notes.


Emerging Market CLN

The emerging market credit linked note, also sometimes called a “clean,” are traded by buy side clients to gain access to local debt markets for several reasons. First is that a direct investment in the sovereign debt may not be legal due to domicile restrictions of the country. One instance would be the local government requiring the purchaser of debt to have a business office in the country. Another instance would be tax restrictions or tariffs in countries with NDF currencies. A fund in USD would have difficulty repatriating the currency if local restrictions or taxes made it undesirable. When this occurs, the sell side global bank purchases the debt and structures it into a derivative note then issued to the client or clients. The client then owns the issued security which derives its total return from the underlying instrument. A CDS, credit default swap, is embedded in the instrument. It can be thought of as a fully funded total return swap where the underlying asset total return is exchanged for a funding fee as well as the cost of the issued CLN. From a market risk perspective owning a CLN is almost identical to owning the local debt.

However downstream, in the back office, difficulties can arise from failure to appropriately control the risks associated from the lack of data and compatibility of accounting platforms. The issue stems from the bespoke nature of the CLN in that it is priced in USD but the underlying asset is denominated in another currency. Secondly, the sell side may price the CLN based on the issued asset in USD. This in turn does not appropriately reflect the Yield to Maturity of the underlying asset as it approaches par value at maturity. Thirdly, the underlying asset may be inflation linked, or have periodic paydowns that compound the first and third issues mentioned before.


Notes

  1. ^ HK Hong Kong Gov't seeks to help Lehman minibond investors, International Business Times, 22 September 2008

Under this structure, the coupon or price of the note is linked to the performance of a reference asset. It offers borrowers a hedge against credit risk, and gives investors a higher yield on the note for accepting exposure to a specified credit event.

See also



Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужен реферат?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Credit Linked Note — Pour les articles homonymes, voir CLN. Le titre obligataire lié[1] aussi appelé credit linked note (CLN) est un dérivé de crédit financé qui a recours dans son montage à un credit default swap (CDS) pour transférer un risque de crédit, mais ce en …   Wikipédia en Français

  • credit-linked note — (CLN) United Kingdom A funded credit derivative in the form of a debt security, under which the investor in the note will receive the face value of the note at maturity unless there is a default by an underlying third party referenced by the note …   Law dictionary

  • Credit Linked Note — Der Begriff Credit Linked Notes (kurz CLN) bezeichnet Anleihen, deren Rückzahlungshöhe von bestimmten vertraglich vereinbarten Kreditereignissen abhängen. Sie gehören zu den strukturierten Anleihen. Sie ermöglichen es dem Emittenten Kreditrisiken …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Credit linked note — Pour les articles homonymes, voir CLN. Le titre obligataire lié[1] aussi appelé credit linked note (CLN) est un dérivé de crédit financé qui a recours dans son montage à un credit default swap (CDS) pour transférer un risque de crédit, mais ce en …   Wikipédia en Français

  • credit linked note — A type of credit derivative instrument. Credit linked notes are a securitized form of credit derivatives. The protection buyer issues notes. If a specified credit event occurs, the investor who buys the notes has to suffer either a delay in… …   Financial and business terms

  • Credit Linked Note - CLN — A security with an embedded credit default swap allowing the issuer to transfer a specific credit risk to credit investors. CLNs are created through a Special Purpose Company (SPC), or trust, which is collateralized with AAA rated securities.… …   Investment dictionary

  • Credit-Linked Note — (кредитная нота) ценная бумага, платежи по которой зависят от наступления определенного кредитного события или изменения кредитного показателя какого либо лица или пула активов. Например, выплаты по кредитным нотам могут быть поставлены в… …   Ипотека. Словарь терминов

  • Equity-Linked Note — An Equity Linked Note (ELN) is a debt instrument, usually a bond, that differs from a standard fixed income security in that the final payout is based on the return of the underlying equity , which can be a single stock, basket of stocks, or an… …   Wikipedia

  • credit linked security — A type of credit derivative instrument. Credit linked notes are a securitized form of credit derivatives. The protection buyer issues notes. If a specified credit event occurs, the investor who buys the notes has to suffer either a delay in… …   Financial and business terms

  • Credit derivative — In finance, a credit derivative is a securitized derivative whose value is derived from the credit risk on an underlying bond, loan or any other financial asset. In this way, the credit risk is on an entity other than the counterparties to the… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”