EBOO

EBOO or Extracorporeal Blood Oxygenation and Ozonation is a unique hemofiltration-like procedure developed and now used routinely in the medical department at the University of Siena in Italy [cite journal |author=Di Paolo N, Gaggiotti E, Galli F |title=Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation: clinical and biological implications of ozone therapy |journal=Redox Rep. |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=121–30 |year=2005 |pmid=16156950 |doi=10.1179/135100005X38888 |url=] , and also in outpatient clinics in Malaysia and Japan.

EBOO combines modern membrane dialysis used to treat heart, kidney and liver failure with, ozone therapy historically a popular alternative therapy in mainland Europe, the evidence base for which had long been questioned by western medicine. [cite journal |author=Zimran A, Wasser G, Forman L, Gelbart T, Beutler E |title=Effect of ozone on red blood cell enzymes and intermediates |journal=Acta Haematol. |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=148–51 |year=2000 |pmid=10692679 |doi= |url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=aha02148] . Extensive testing of EBOO has revealed no toxicity or side effects in sheep or human volunteers. [cite journal |author=Bocci V, Di Paolo N, Garosi G, "et al" |title=Ozonation of blood during extracorporeal circulation. I. Rationale, methodology and preliminary studies |journal=Int J Artif Organs |volume=22 |issue=9 |pages=645–51 |year=1999 |month=Sep |pmid=10532435 |doi= |url=] [ cite web |url=http://www.ossigenoozono.it/Ozone%20therapy.htm| title= Ozone Therapy Editorial Review| publisher= International Journal of Artificial Organs 2004 ] EBOO is designed to amplify the therapeutic benefits reported of Autohemotherapy (O3-AHT) by treating a greater volume of blood (4 litres/hr) at a lower ozone concentration (<20 μg/ml). [cite journal |author=Di Paolo N, Bocci V, Garosi G, "et al" |title=Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO) in man. preliminary report |journal=Int J Artif Organs |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=131–41 |year=2000 |month=Feb |pmid=10741810 |doi= |url=]

A clinical trial of EBOO showed it to be more effective in the treatment of peripheral artery disease than prostacyclin. [cite journal |author=Di Paolo N, Bocci V, Salvo DP, "et al" |title=Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO): a controlled trial in patients with peripheral artery disease |journal=Int J Artif Organs |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=1039–50 |year=2005 |month=Oct |pmid=16288443 |doi= |url=] . Further trials are currently underway for heart disease and stroke patients for which preliminary reports of ozone treatment have been positive. [Kraft et al, Influence of Autohemotherapy with Ozone on Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Mild Hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 8: 133a, 1995. ] [cite journal |author=Hernández F, Menéndez S, Wong R |title=Decrease of blood cholesterol and stimulation of antioxidative response in cardiopathy patients treated with endovenous ozone therapy |journal=Free Radic. Biol. Med. |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=115–9 |year=1995 |month=Jul |pmid=7635353 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/089158499400201T] [cite journal |author=Clavo B, Catalá L, Pérez JL, Rodríguez V, Robaina F |title=Ozone Therapy on Cerebral Blood Flow: A Preliminary Report |journal=Evid Based Complement Alternat Med |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=315–319 |year=2004 |month=Dec |pmid=15841265 |pmc=538510 |doi=10.1093/ecam/neh039 |url=] [cite journal |author=Valacchi G, Bocci V |title=Studies on the biological effects of ozone: 11. Release of factors from human endothelial cells |journal=Mediators Inflamm. |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=271–6 |year=2000 |pmid=11213910 |pmc=1781775 |doi=10.1080/09629350020027573 |url=] [cite journal |author=Ajamieh HH, Menéndez S, Martínez-Sánchez G, "et al" |title=Effects of ozone oxidative preconditioning on nitric oxide generation and cellular redox balance in a rat model of hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion |journal=Liver Int. |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=55–62 |year=2004 |month=Feb |pmid=15102001 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-3231.2004.00885.x |url=]

Clinical trials of Celacade, another blood ozonation treatment, have reported similar benefits in chronic heart failure.

EBOO is also reported to have remedied necrotizing fasciitis, an often fatal bacterial infection resistant to antibiotics. [cite journal |author=Di Paolo N, Bocci V, Cappelletti F, Petrini G, Gaggiotti E |title=Necrotizing fasciitis successfully treated with extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonization (EBOO) |journal=Int J Artif Organs |volume=25 |issue=12 |pages=1194–8 |year=2002 |month=Dec |pmid=12518965 |doi= |url=] Ozone's anti-bacterial and viral properties have been employed successfully in water purification. The International Society of Blood Purification has recognized EBOO as warranting clinical investigation as a viral load reducing treatment. [ cite web |url=http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?typ=pdf&doi=14484| title=18th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Blood Purification |publisher=Blood Purification 2001; 19:73-106] .Ozone has been shown to disinfect extracorporeal blood of viruses. [ cite journal |author=Wells KH, Latino J, Gavalchin J, Poiesz BJ |title=Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by ozone in vitro |journal=Blood |volume=78 |issue=7 |pages=1882–90 |year=1991 |month=Oct |pmid=1717074 |doi= |url=http://www.bloodjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1717074] [cite journal |author=Carpendale MT, Freeberg JK |title=Ozone inactivates HIV at noncytotoxic concentrations |journal=Antiviral Res. |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=281–92 |year=1991 |month=Oct |pmid=1805686 |doi= |url=] [cite journal |author=Baggs AC |title=Are worry-free transfusions just a whiff of ozone away? |journal=CMAJ |volume=148 |issue=7 |pages=1155–60 |year=1993 |month=Apr |pmid=8457956 |pmc=1490857 |doi= |url=] [Yamamoto et al, The Effects of Ozone on Treatment of 4 Patients Suffering from Hepatitis C. Bulletin of Japan Research for the Medical Use of Ozone 1996; 3: 1-2]

Oxygenators designed for heart surgery and kidney dialysis may not suitable for EBOO. Due to the oxidative nature of ozone, the filter components and membranes will block up and inhibit the effective exchange of gas, possibly releasing toxic compounds into the circulating blood. [cite journal |author=Bocci V, Di Paolo N, Borrelli E, Larini A, Cappelletti F |title=Ozonation of blood during extracorporeal circulation. II. Comparative analysis of several oxygenator-ozonators and selection of one type |journal=Int J Artif Organs |volume=24 |issue=12 |pages=890–7 |year=2001 |month=Dec |pmid=11831595 |doi= |url=] An economical ozone resistant gas exchange device (L001) has been specificallydesigned for the ozonation of human blood during extra-corporealcirculation. [cite journal |author=Bocci V, Zanardi I, Travagli V, Di Paolo N |title=Oxygenation-ozonation of blood during extracorporeal circulation: in vitro efficiency of a new gas exchange device |journal=Artif Organs |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=743–8 |year=2007 |month=Sep |pmid=17725702 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1594.2007.00448.x |url=]

EBOO is not yet available in any English speaking countries.

ee also

* Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

References